Nokea
A nurse is caring for a client recently diagnosed with leukemia. Which of the following signs and symptoms are consistent with this diagnosis?
- A. Bone pain
- B. Bleeding gums
- C. Weight gain
- D. Increased urination
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Leukemia's marrow takeover bleeds out gums ooze from thrombocytopenia, a textbook sign as platelets tank. Bone pain hits from blasts crowding marrow; bruising tags along. Weight gain or urination spikes don't fit cachexia's more likely. Nurses watch bleeding, linking it to leukemia's hematologic havoc, a key clue in this cancer's brutal spread.
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The nurse is caring for a patient who smokes two packs/day. Which action by the nurse could help reduce the patient's risk of lung cancer?
- A. Teach the patient about the seven warning signs of cancer.
- B. Plan to monitor the patient's carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level.
- C. Teach the patient about annual chest x-rays for lung cancer screening.
- D. Discuss risks associated with cigarette smoking during each patient encounter.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Smoking's the lung cancer kingpin two packs a day screams risk. Hitting the patient with smoking's dangers every visit pushes primary prevention, aiming to cut exposure to tar and carcinogens fueling 85% of cases. Warning signs (CAUTION) and chest x-rays are secondary catching cancer, not stopping it. CEA's a tumor marker for tracking, not prevention. Nurses in oncology know preaching cessation at every chance leverages behavior change, the gold standard to slash lung cancer odds, trumping screening or monitoring in a heavy smoker like this.
What is the relationship between hyperlipidaemia and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)?
- A. Hyperlipidaemia contributes to the development of NASH
- B. NASH contributes to the development of hyperlipidaemia
- C. There is no relationship between hyperlipidaemia and NASH
- D. Answers 1 and 2 are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: NASH and hyperlipidaemia dance both ways high lipids pile fat, NASH pumps them back, a chronic loop. No split or null fits nurses track this lipid-liver ping-pong.
During the teaching session for a patient who has a new diagnosis of acute leukemia, the patient is restless and looks away without making eye contact. The patient asks the nurse to repeat the information about the complications associated with chemotherapy. Based on this assessment, which nursing diagnosis is appropriate for the patient?
- A. Risk for ineffective adherence to treatment related to denial of need for chemotherapy
- B. Acute confusion related to infiltration of leukemia cells into the central nervous system
- C. Deficient knowledge: chemotherapy related to a lack of interest in learning about treatment
- D. Risk for ineffective health maintenance related to possible anxiety about leukemia diagnosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: New leukemia diagnosis plus restlessness and repeat requests scream anxiety risk for ineffective health maintenance' fits, as it ties to coping, not denial , brain infiltration , or disinterest . Nurses in oncology spot this fear fogs learning, needing slower, calmer teaching to stick.
Sodium-glucose-co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors were shown to reduce albuminuria and proteinuria by X%. What is X?
- A. 10--30
- B. 20-40
- C. 30-50
- D. 40-60
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: SGLT-2 inhibitors, used in type 2 diabetes, reduce albuminuria and proteinuria by 30-50%, as evidenced in trials like CREDENCE and DAPA-CKD. They lower glomerular hyperfiltration by inhibiting glucose and sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule, decreasing intraglomerular pressure and thus protecting kidney function. This 30-50% reduction is significant in slowing chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, a key benefit beyond glycemic control. Lower ranges (10-30%, 20-40%) underestimate this effect, while higher ranges (40-60%) may apply to specific subgroups but aren't the average. This renal protection makes SGLT-2 inhibitors a cornerstone in managing diabetic nephropathy, vital knowledge for physicians optimizing chronic disease outcomes.
Renal failure is the second cause of death in patients with diabetes mellitus. Question: What is the end (histological) stage in the development of diabetic nephropathy?
- A. Arteriolar hyalinosis
- B. GBM thickening
- C. Kimmerstiel Wilson lesions
- D. Mesangial matrix expansion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Diabetic nephropathy's end Kimmerstiel Wilson nodules scar kidneys, past thickening or expansion. Nurses dread this, a chronic renal doom mark.