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A nurse is caring for a client who is experiencing fluid volume deficit (FVD). What clinical finding should the nurse expect?
- A. Decreased hematocrit
- B. Increased heart rate
- C. Increased blood pressure
- D. Decreased respiratory rate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Increased heart rate is a common sign of fluid volume deficit (FVD) as the body compensates for decreased fluid levels. When a client is experiencing FVD, the body tries to maintain perfusion to vital organs by increasing the heart rate. This compensatory mechanism helps to improve cardiac output and maintain blood pressure. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because in FVD, hematocrit may be increased due to hemoconcentration, blood pressure tends to decrease as a compensatory response to FVD, and respiratory rate is usually unaffected or may increase due to attempts to maintain oxygenation.
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A healthcare professional is performing a focused assessment on a client who has a history of COPD and is experiencing dyspnea. What finding should the healthcare professional expect?
- A. Decreased respiratory rate
- B. Flushing of the skin
- C. Flaring of the nostrils
- D. Productive cough
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Flaring of the nostrils is a sign of increased respiratory effort, which is common in clients with COPD experiencing dyspnea. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. A decreased respiratory rate is not expected in a client with COPD experiencing dyspnea, as they often have an increased respiratory rate. Flushing of the skin is not a typical finding associated with COPD or dyspnea. While a productive cough can be seen in COPD, it is not specifically related to the increased respiratory effort seen with dyspnea.
A nurse is providing discharge instructions to a client who has been prescribed a mechanical soft diet. What food should the nurse instruct the client to avoid?
- A. Steamed carrots
- B. Orange slices
- C. Mashed potatoes
- D. Baked chicken
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Orange slices. For a client on a mechanical soft diet, foods that are difficult to chew and swallow should be avoided. Orange slices fall into this category due to their texture and potential choking hazard. Steamed carrots, mashed potatoes, and baked chicken are typically suitable for a mechanical soft diet as they can be easily mashed or cut into small, manageable pieces for consumption.
A client with diabetes mellitus is being taught about foot care by a nurse. What statement indicates understanding?
- A. I will soak my feet in hot water every day
- B. I will wear cotton socks at all times
- C. I will cut my toenails in a rounded shape
- D. I will apply lotion between my toes after bathing
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Wearing cotton socks is essential for clients with diabetes as it helps protect the feet and reduces the risk of skin breakdown. Choice A is incorrect because soaking feet in hot water can lead to burns or skin damage. Choice C is incorrect as clients with diabetes should cut their toenails straight across to prevent ingrown toenails. Choice D is incorrect as applying lotion between the toes can create a moist environment that may increase the risk of fungal infections.
When reviewing the health history of an older adult with a hip fracture, what should a nurse identify as a risk factor for developing pressure injuries?
- A. Malnutrition
- B. Poor hygiene
- C. Urinary incontinence
- D. Immobility
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Urinary incontinence is a risk factor for skin breakdown, which can lead to the development of pressure injuries. While malnutrition, poor hygiene, and immobility are important considerations in overall patient care, they are not specifically identified as significant risk factors for pressure injuries in this scenario.
A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a client with a prescription for home oxygen therapy. What information should the nurse include?
- A. Increase the oxygen flow rate when shortness of breath occurs
- B. Turn off the oxygen when not in use
- C. Avoid open flames or smoking near oxygen
- D. Store the oxygen tubing near heat sources
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Avoid open flames or smoking near oxygen.' This information is crucial to prevent fire hazards as oxygen supports combustion. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Increasing the oxygen flow rate without healthcare provider's instructions can be dangerous. Oxygen should not be turned off when not in use as prescribed by the healthcare provider, and storing oxygen tubing near heat sources poses a risk of fire.