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A nurse is caring for a client who was recently diagnosed with an opioid use disorder. They were a student in a local community college but were recently dismissed for failing their classes. Their previous diagnoses include anxiety, Crohn's disease, and chronic back pain due to a gymnastics injury in high school. Which of the following should the nurse identify as potential underlying reasons why the client might have started using opioids?
- A. To promote sleep and rest
- B. To treat hallucinations and perform better at work
- C. To treat pain and ease anxiety
- D. Because they witnessed their parents using drugs or alcohol to cope
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pain relief and anxiety reduction are common reasons why individuals start using opioids. The client's history of chronic back pain and anxiety suggests that these factors may have contributed to their opioid use.
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How can health-care professionals address abuse and violence in the clinical setting?
- A. ensuring confidentiality for the abuser
- B. providing support and resources for victims
- C. ignoring signs of abuse to respect privacy
- D. minimizing documentation of abuse cases
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Health-care professionals must prioritize the victim’s safety by offering support, resources, and appropriate interventions.
The term 'standards of care' refers to expectations of nursing performance. Standards of care are developed from which of the following? Select one that does not apply.
- A. Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements
- B. Licensure examinations
- C. State Nurse Practice Acts
- D. Agency job descriptions
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Standards of care are developed from professional standards, state nurse practice acts, federal agency regulations, agency policies and procedures, job descriptions, and civil and criminal laws.
A soldier returned home last year after deployment to a war zone. The soldier's spouse complains, "We were going to start a family, but now he won't talk about it. He will not look at children. I wonder if we're going to make it as a couple." Select the nurse's best response.
- A. "Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often changes a person's sexual functioning."
- B. "I encourage you to continue to participate in social activities where children are present."
- C. "Have you talked with your spouse about these reactions? Sometimes we just need to confront behavior."
- D. "Posttraumatic stress disorder often strains relationships. Here are some community resources for help and support."
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: PTSD precipitates changes that can lead to divorce. It is important to provide support to both the veteran and spouse. Confrontation will not be effective. While it is important to provide information, on-going support will be more effective.
Which of the following is considered to be a symptom of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):
- A. Increased arousal.
- B. Avoidance and numbing of emotions.
- C. Re-experiencing.
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: PTSD (DSM-5) includes all symptoms (Option D): arousal (A), avoidance/numbing (B), and re-experiencing (C), forming its diagnostic triad.
Which of the following is a predominant evolutionary theory of phobias?
- A. Non-associative fear acquisition.
- B. Learned fear responses.
- C. Biological preparedness.
- D. Specific phobia acquisition.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Biological preparedness (Option C) posits an evolutionary predisposition to fear stimuli like snakes or heights due to ancestral survival threats, a widely accepted theory (Seligman, 1971). Option A is a theory but less predominant, Option B is a mechanism, and Option D is vague.