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A nurse is caring for a patient with a history of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The nurse should monitor for which of the following complications?
- A. Hyperkalemia.
- B. Hypokalemia.
- C. Hyperglycemia.
- D. Hypercalcemia.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hyperkalemia. In CKD, kidneys struggle to excrete potassium, leading to its accumulation in the blood. This can result in dangerous cardiac arrhythmias. Hypokalemia (B) is unlikely in CKD due to impaired potassium excretion. Hyperglycemia (C) is more commonly associated with diabetes rather than CKD. Hypercalcemia (D) is not a typical complication of CKD; instead, patients with CKD often experience low calcium levels.
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A 90-year-old patient tells the nurse that he is unable to remember the names of the medications he is taking or what they are for. An appropriate response would be:
- A. "Can you tell me what they look like?"
- B. "Don't worry about it. You are only taking two."
- C. "How long have you been taking each of these pills?"
- D. "Would you ask your family to bring in your medications?"
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because asking the patient's family to bring in the medications will ensure accurate identification and understanding of the medications. This step is crucial in ensuring the patient's safety and well-being. Choice A is incorrect as appearance alone may not provide accurate information. Choice B is dismissive and does not address the issue. Choice C focuses on duration rather than addressing the immediate concern of medication identification.
A nurse is caring for a patient who is post-operative following hip replacement surgery. The nurse should prioritize which of the following interventions?
- A. Administering pain medication regularly.
- B. Encouraging early ambulation.
- C. Providing wound care and dressing changes.
- D. Monitoring for signs of infection.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Encouraging early ambulation. This is because early ambulation is crucial in preventing complications such as blood clots and muscle atrophy post hip replacement surgery. It helps improve circulation, prevent joint stiffness, and promote healing. Administering pain medication regularly (A) is important but not the top priority. Providing wound care and dressing changes (C) and monitoring for signs of infection (D) are also important but secondary to early ambulation in preventing complications and promoting recovery.
A nurse is caring for a patient with hypertension. Which of the following lifestyle changes would the nurse prioritize to help manage the patient's blood pressure?
- A. Increasing sodium intake.
- B. Losing weight and increasing physical activity.
- C. Consuming more processed foods.
- D. Limiting fluid intake.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Losing weight and increasing physical activity help manage blood pressure by reducing excess body weight, improving heart function, and enhancing blood flow. This leads to lower blood pressure levels.
A: Increasing sodium intake would worsen hypertension by promoting fluid retention and raising blood pressure.
C: Consuming more processed foods often includes high levels of sodium, unhealthy fats, and additives that can negatively impact blood pressure.
D: Limiting fluid intake is not a primary lifestyle change for managing hypertension; adequate fluid intake is important for overall health and blood pressure regulation.
A nurse preparing to conduct a prenatal class is aware that which of the following groups is at highest risk for infant mortality?
- A. European Canadians
- B. Asian Canadians
- C. African Canadians
- D. First Nations people
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: First Nations people. First Nations people in Canada have historically faced systemic barriers to healthcare, leading to higher rates of infant mortality compared to other groups. This includes socio-economic factors, access to quality healthcare, and cultural differences impacting healthcare practices. European Canadians, Asian Canadians, and African Canadians do not face the same level of disparities and risk factors contributing to infant mortality rates as First Nations people. It is essential for healthcare providers to understand these disparities to address the health needs of First Nations communities effectively.
The nurse notices that the patient has a solid, elevated, circumscribed lesion that is less than 1 cm in diameter. When documenting this finding, the nurse would report this as a:
- A. Bulla.
- B. Wheal.
- C. Nodule.
- D. Papule.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Papule. A papule is a solid, elevated lesion that is less than 1 cm in diameter. It is circumscribed, meaning it has well-defined borders. Papules are often associated with skin conditions like acne or insect bites.
A: Bulla is a large fluid-filled blister, not a solid lesion.
B: Wheal is a raised, red area of skin that is typically transient and caused by an allergic reaction.
C: Nodule is a solid, elevated lesion that is greater than 1 cm in diameter, not less than 1 cm.