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A nurse is caring for a patient with a history of diabetes. The nurse should monitor for signs of which of the following complications?
- A. Hyperglycemia.
- B. Hypoglycemia.
- C. Dehydration.
- D. Hypotension.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hyperglycemia. Patients with diabetes are at risk for high blood sugar levels. Monitoring for hyperglycemia is crucial to prevent complications like diabetic ketoacidosis. Hypoglycemia (B) is low blood sugar, dehydration (C) is not directly related to diabetes unless it causes hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, and hypotension (D) is low blood pressure, which is not a common complication of diabetes. Regular monitoring for hyperglycemia helps in preventing diabetic complications.
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A nurse is providing education to a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The nurse should prioritize which of the following lifestyle changes?
- A. Quitting smoking.
- B. Increasing fluid intake.
- C. Increasing physical activity.
- D. Taking over-the-counter cold medications.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Quitting smoking. Smoking is the most important lifestyle change for a patient with COPD as it is the primary cause of the disease and continues to worsen symptoms. Quitting smoking can slow down the progression of COPD, decrease exacerbations, and improve overall lung function.
Summary of other choices:
B: Increasing fluid intake - While staying hydrated is important for overall health, it is not the top priority for a patient with COPD.
C: Increasing physical activity - Exercise is beneficial for COPD patients, but quitting smoking takes precedence as it directly impacts the disease progression.
D: Taking over-the-counter cold medications - Cold medications may provide temporary relief for symptoms, but they do not address the underlying cause of COPD which is smoking.
A 75-year-old woman is at the clinic for a preoperative interview. The nurse is aware that the interview with her may take longer than interviews with younger persons. What is the reason for this?
- A. An older adult has a longer story to tell.
- B. An older adult is usually lonely and likes to have someone to talk to.
- C. Older adults lose much of their mental abilities and require more time to complete an interview.
- D. As a person ages, he or she is unable to hear well, so interviewers usually need to frequently repeat what they say.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because as people age, they accumulate more life experiences, medical history, and details to share. This can lead to longer conversations during interviews. Choice B is incorrect as not all older adults are lonely and seek conversation. Choice C is incorrect because aging does not necessarily equate to a loss of mental abilities. Choice D is incorrect as hearing loss is not a universal issue among older adults and does not significantly impact the length of interviews.
An Aboriginal woman who lives away from the reserve has come to the clinic to seek help with regulating her diabetes. In conducting an interview, the nurse's priority involves:
- A. finding out why the patient is not compliant.
- B. reinforcing the health teaching related to diet and exercise.
- C. determining if the patient can afford her medications.
- D. sending the patient to the diabetic clinic for follow-up.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because determining if the patient can afford her medications is crucial in managing her diabetes effectively. Financial constraints can significantly impact a patient's ability to adhere to treatment, leading to poor health outcomes. By addressing affordability, the nurse can ensure the patient can access and comply with the prescribed medications.
A, finding out why the patient is not compliant, is not the priority at this stage as addressing affordability comes first. B, reinforcing health teaching related to diet and exercise, is important but secondary to ensuring access to medications. D, sending the patient to the diabetic clinic for follow-up, is not as critical as addressing immediate financial concerns.
A nurse is caring for a patient with a history of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The nurse should monitor for which of the following complications?
- A. Hyperkalemia.
- B. Hypokalemia.
- C. Hyperglycemia.
- D. Hypercalcemia.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hyperkalemia. In CKD, kidneys struggle to excrete potassium, leading to its accumulation in the blood. This can result in dangerous cardiac arrhythmias. Hypokalemia (B) is unlikely in CKD due to impaired potassium excretion. Hyperglycemia (C) is more commonly associated with diabetes rather than CKD. Hypercalcemia (D) is not a typical complication of CKD; instead, patients with CKD often experience low calcium levels.
A nurse is providing education to a patient with chronic liver disease. The nurse should educate the patient to monitor for signs of which of the following complications?
- A. Hypoglycemia.
- B. Hyperglycemia.
- C. Jaundice.
- D. Anemia.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Jaundice. Patients with chronic liver disease are at risk for developing jaundice due to impaired liver function leading to the accumulation of bilirubin. Jaundice is characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes. Monitoring for jaundice is crucial as it indicates worsening liver function.
Incorrect choices:
A: Hypoglycemia - Not directly related to chronic liver disease, more commonly seen in diabetes.
B: Hyperglycemia - Not typically associated with chronic liver disease unless the patient has underlying diabetes.
D: Anemia - Can be a complication of chronic liver disease, but monitoring for jaundice takes priority due to its direct association with liver dysfunction.