Nokea
A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a client who recently underwent a mechanical valve replacement. Which of the following statements by the client indicates the clients correct understanding of the discharge teaching regarding warfarin anticoagulant therapy?
- A. I may need to modify my diet while on this medication
- B. I do not need to take my prescribed medication for the rest of my life
- C. Additional monitoring is not required while on the anticoagulant
- D. I can lead a normal life while on anticoagulants; no restrictions are required
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Mechanical valves demand warfarin forever diet tweaks, like steady vitamin K, keep INR stable, a sign the client gets it. Lifelong meds, monitoring, and restrictions (e.g., bleeding risk) are non-negotiable. Nurses cheer this dietary nod, ensuring warfarin's tightrope walk succeeds, a smart grasp in this valve swap life.
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Which of the following is not associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?
- A. Diabetes mellitus
- B. Lung cancer
- C. Pre-diabetes mellitus
- D. Hyperuricemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: NAFLD diabetes, pre-sugar, uric, colon tie; lung cancer's out. Nurses link this chronic fat net.
Risk factors for developing COPD include:
- A. Seasonal respiratory conditions and family history of emphysema
- B. Age, high fat diet and sedentary lifestyle
- C. History of cardiovascular and autoimmune conditions
- D. Indoor and outdoor air pollution
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: COPD risk factors center on chronic airway damage. Seasonal respiratory conditions may exacerbate, not cause, COPD, though family history of emphysema suggests genetic risk (e.g., alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency), but it's less primary than exposure. Age is a factor as lung function declines naturally, but high fat diet and sedentary lifestyle are more linked to obesity or cardiovascular disease, not directly COPD. Cardiovascular and autoimmune histories don't drive COPD etiology smoking and pollution do. Indoor (e.g., biomass smoke) and outdoor air pollution (e.g., particulates) are major irritants, causing inflammation and irreversible airflow limitation, per Deravin and Anderson (2019). Pollution's role is critical globally, especially in occupational or urban settings, outweighing secondary factors by directly triggering the chronic inflammatory cascade defining COPD pathogenesis.
A public health nurse has formed an interdisciplinary team that is developing an educational program entitled 'Cancer: The Risks and What You Can Do About Them.' Participants will receive information, but the major focus will be screening for relevant cancers. This program is an example of what type of health promotion activity?
- A. Disease prophylaxis
- B. Risk reduction
- C. Secondary prevention
- D. Tertiary prevention
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Screening's the game here secondary prevention spots cancer early in symptom-free folks, like mammograms or colonoscopies, boosting survival odds. Prophylaxis (primary) stops it cold think vaccines or sunscreen. Risk reduction's broader, overlapping primary efforts (e.g., quit smoking). Tertiary's post-diagnosis care, minimizing damage. This program's focus on early catch aligns with secondary's core, a public health win in oncology to shift outcomes before symptoms scream.
Which of the following is FALSE about reduced ejection fraction heart failure (HFrEF)?
- A. The goals of therapy are to reduce morbidity (i.e., reducing symptoms, improving health-related quality of life and functional status, decreasing the rate of hospitalisation) and to reduce mortality
- B. Beta blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), or angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) are the preferred antihypertensive agents because these agents improve survival
- C. Recommended lifestyle modifications include smoking cessation, restriction of alcohol consumption, salt restriction, weight reduction in obese patients, as well as daily weight monitoring to detect fluid accumulation before it becomes symptomatic
- D. Patients at high risk for re-hospitalisation should be referred to a long-term care facility
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: HFrEF goals, preferred drugs (beta blockers, ACEi, ARBs, ARNI, MRA), and lifestyle changes are true, per ESC/ACC guidelines. However, high re-hospitalization risk doesn't mandate long-term care referral outpatient management or cardiac rehab is preferred unless dependency justifies it. This false claim refines chronic HFrEF management focus.
Changes in blood lipids often occur in people who have been diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Question: Which of the following abnormalities is most consistent with metabolic syndrome?
- A. Increased triglyceride with decreased LDL cholesterol
- B. Increased triglyceride with increased LDL cholesterol
- C. Increased triglyceride with decreased HDL cholesterol
- D. Decreased triglyceride with increased HDL cholesterol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Metabolic syndrome's lipid mark triglycerides up, HDL down fits the frame, not LDL swings or triglyceride drops. Nurses clock this, a chronic fat flag.