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A nurse is teaching a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) about dietary changes. Which of the following statements by the patient indicates proper understanding?
- A. I should limit my intake of foods high in potassium and phosphorus.
- B. I should increase my fluid intake to stay hydrated.
- C. I can eat as much protein as I want to promote healing.
- D. I should drink more sodas for hydration.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. In CKD, limiting potassium and phosphorus intake is crucial to prevent electrolyte imbalances and further kidney damage. Excessive protein intake can worsen kidney function, so the patient should not eat as much protein as they want. Increasing fluid intake is beneficial for hydration, but sodas are not recommended due to their high sugar and phosphorus content, which can be harmful for CKD patients. Therefore, option A is the best choice for proper understanding of dietary changes in CKD.
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A nurse is caring for a patient with hypertension. The nurse should educate the patient to avoid which of the following?
- A. Limiting caffeine intake.
- B. Consuming more fruits and vegetables.
- C. Increasing salt intake.
- D. Increasing physical activity.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Increasing salt intake. Salt intake can worsen hypertension by causing water retention and increasing blood pressure. Limiting caffeine intake (A) and increasing physical activity (D) are beneficial for managing hypertension. Consuming more fruits and vegetables (B) is also recommended as they are part of a healthy diet that can help lower blood pressure. Overall, educating the patient to avoid increasing salt intake is crucial in managing hypertension effectively.
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the concept of ethnicity?
- A. Ethnicity is dynamic and ever changing because of political forces.
- B. Ethnicity refers to a group that shares heritage, culture, language, or religion.
- C. Ethnicity refers to the belief in a higher power or being.
- D. Ethnicity is a learned behaviour that includes language and socialization.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because ethnicity is defined by shared heritage, culture, language, or religion. This definition encompasses the key components that make up an individual's ethnic identity. Choice A is incorrect because while political forces may influence ethnicity, it does not define the concept itself. Choice C is incorrect as ethnicity is not necessarily related to belief in a higher power. Choice D is incorrect as ethnicity is not solely a learned behavior but also includes innate aspects like heritage.
A nurse is providing education to a patient with hypertension. Which of the following statements by the patient indicates the need for further education?
- A. I will limit my sodium intake.
- B. I will monitor my blood pressure regularly.
- C. I can stop taking my medication once my blood pressure is normal.
- D. I will exercise regularly to improve my health.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. This statement indicates a misunderstanding because stopping medication once blood pressure is normal can lead to a relapse of hypertension. Step 1: Medication management is crucial for long-term control of hypertension. Step 2: Stopping medication abruptly can cause blood pressure to rise again. Step 3: Regular monitoring, limiting sodium intake, and exercising are all important aspects of hypertension management. Summary: Choices A, B, and D demonstrate good understanding of hypertension management, while choice C shows a need for further education on the importance of continued medication use.
Which technique should be used to assess a murmur in a patient's heart?
- A. The bell of the stethoscope
- B. The diaphragm of the stethoscope
- C. Palpation with the palm of the hand
- D. Ask another nurse to double-check the finding.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: The diaphragm of the stethoscope. The diaphragm is used to assess heart murmurs as it allows for higher-frequency sounds to be heard more clearly. When assessing heart murmurs, using the diaphragm helps to differentiate between systolic and diastolic murmurs, as well as to identify specific characteristics such as intensity and location.
A: The bell of the stethoscope is used for low-frequency sounds and would not be ideal for assessing heart murmurs.
C: Palpation with the palm of the hand is used to assess pulses and vibrations, not heart murmurs.
D: Asking another nurse to double-check the finding is important for validation but does not directly relate to the technique used to assess a heart murmur.
A 32-year-old female patient complains that she has noticed several small, slightly raised, bright-red dots on her chest. On examination, the nurse thinks that the spots are probably:
- A. Anasarca.
- B. Scleroderma.
- C. Senile angiomas.
- D. Latent myeloma.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Senile angiomas. Senile angiomas are common benign growths of small blood vessels that appear as bright-red dots on the skin, commonly seen in older individuals. In this case, the patient is 32 years old, which is relatively young for an appearance of senile angiomas, but still within the possible age range. Anasarca (A) is generalized edema, not related to the described skin condition. Scleroderma (B) is a connective tissue disorder characterized by skin thickening and not associated with bright-red dots. Latent myeloma (D) is a type of bone marrow cancer and not related to the skin findings described.