Nokea
A nurse is teaching an adult female patient about the risk factors for hypertension. What should the nurse explain as risk factors for primary hypertension?
- A. Obesity and high intake of sodium and saturated fat
- B. Diabetes and use of oral contraceptives
- C. Metabolic syndrome and smoking
- D. Renal disease and coarctation of the aorta
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Obesity, stress, high intake of sodium or saturated fat, and family history are all risk factors for primary hypertension. Diabetes and oral contraceptives are risk factors for secondary hypertension. Metabolic syndrome, renal disease, and coarctation of the aorta are causes of secondary hypertension.
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A 72-year-old male presented to the primary clinic complaining of chest tightness and pressure that is increasing in severity and frequency. His current medication includes atenolol, lisinopril, and nitroglycerin. Which intervention is most appropriate in his case?
- A. Add amlodipine
- B. Initiate isosorbide mononitrate
- C. Initiate ranolazine
- D. Refer the patient to the nearest ER for evaluation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Increasing severity suggests unstable angina, warranting urgent ER evaluation.
Which of the following is an indication of infective endocarditis?
- A. Splinter hemorrhage
- B. Petechiae
- C. Osler's node
- D. All of them
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: All listed signs—splinter hemorrhages, petechiae, and Osler's nodes—are classic for infective endocarditis.
Identify the factors that affect peripheral resistance.
- A. Arterial diameter and length
- B. Cardiac output and blood volume.
- C. Heart rate and stroke volume.
- D. Venous diameter and stroke volume
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Peripheral resistance is primarily influenced by arterial diameter and length, as well as blood viscosity.
If the right coronary artery is blocked, which of the following will NOT be affected?
- A. Sinoatrial node
- B. Atrioventricular node
- C. Right bundle branch
- D. Left bundle branch
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The left bundle branch is supplied by the left coronary artery, not the right, so it remains unaffected by a right coronary artery blockage.
The greatest resistance to blood flow occurs in the:
- A. arteries.
- B. arterioles.
- C. venules.
- D. capillaries.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Arterioles provide the greatest resistance to blood flow due to their small diameter and muscular walls.