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A nurse is teaching nursing students the physiology of congenital heart defects. Which defect results in decreased pulmonary blood flow?
- A. Atrial septal defect
- B. Tetralogy of Fallot
- C. Ventricular septal defect
- D. Patent ductus arteriosus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Tetralogy of Fallot results in decreased blood flow to the lungs. The pulmonic stenosis increases the pressure in the right ventricle, causing the blood to go from right to left across the ventricular septal defect. Atrial and ventricular septal defects and patent ductus arteriosus result in increased pulmonary blood flow.
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A client with cancer is receiving chemotherapy with a known vesicant. The client's IV has been in place for 72 hours. The nurse determines that a new IV site cannot be obtained, and leaves the present IV in place. What is the greatest clinical risk related to this situation?
- A. Impaired skin integrity
- B. Fluid volume excess
- C. Acute pain and anxiety
- D. Peripheral neurovascular dysfunction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Vesicants can cause severe tissue damage if they extravasate, leading to impaired skin integrity.
Hypoglycemia in an infant is defined as whole blood glucose level less than
- A. 40 mg/dl
- B. 50 mg/dl
- C. 60 mg/dl
- D. 80 mg/dl
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hypoglycemia in infants is defined as a whole blood glucose level less than 40 mg/dl, as this threshold is critical for brain function.
The routine investigation of a 4-year-old with an uncomplicated UTI involves:
- A. Renal ultrasound scan
- B. Micturating cystogram
- C. DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid) scan
- D. DTP scan
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A renal ultrasound scan is a standard initial investigation for a child with an uncomplicated UTI to assess for structural abnormalities.
The nurse is teaching the importance of an exercise regime that includes walking daily for a group of clients with asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema at a pulmonary rehabilitation clinic. Which rationale should the nurse include when motivating the clients?
- A. Daily exercise and walking enhances cardiovascular fitness
- B. Exercise eliminates the need for bronchodilator medications.
- C. Walking daily reverses lung damage caused by chronic conditions.
- D. Physical activity increases mucus production to clear airways.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Regular exercise improves cardiovascular fitness, which can enhance overall respiratory function and quality of life in clients with chronic pulmonary conditions.
The Norwood procedure is used to correct:
- A. Transposition of the great vessels
- B. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
- C. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
- D. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Norwood procedure is specifically performed for hypoplastic left heart syndrome.