Nokea
A patient admitted to the ICU develops acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). What intervention should the healthcare team prioritize to manage the patient's ICP?
- A. Initiate hypertonic saline therapy for osmotic diuresis.
- B. Perform emergent craniotomy for hematoma evacuation.
- C. Implement head-of-bed elevation to promote cerebral venous drainage.
- D. Recommend sedative medications to reduce agitation and anxiety.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In cases of acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), a significant factor contributing to the elevated ICP is often the mass effect caused by the hematoma within the brain. Performing an emergent craniotomy for hematoma evacuation is a critical intervention to relieve the pressure within the intracranial space, thereby mitigating the risk of herniation and further neurological damage. While other interventions such as hypertonic saline therapy, head-of-bed elevation, and sedative medications may have supporting roles in managing ICP, none address the primary cause of elevated ICP in cases of acute intracerebral hemorrhage as effectively as hematoma evacuation through craniotomy.
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The BEST reason why Nurse Nilda opted to review Erikson's psychosocial theory is, which of the following statements?
- A. Completion of task results in a sense of competence and a healthy personality.
- B. Failure to master these tasks leads to feelings of inadequacy
- C. . Helps children grow into successful, contributing members of society.
- D. We are motivated by the need to achieve competence in certain areas of our 1ives.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Nurse Nilda likely opted to review Erikson's psychosocial theory because completion of each developmental task in the theory results in a sense of competence and contributes to the development of a healthy personality. Erikson's theory outlines different stages of psychosocial development that individuals go through, with each stage presenting a specific conflict or challenge to be resolved. Successfully navigating and resolving these challenges at each stage leads to the development of essential strengths and virtues. For example, in Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority (ages 6 to 11 years), successfully completing tasks related to school, sports, and social interactions can lead to a sense of competence and accomplishment. Conversely, failure to master these tasks can lead to feelings of inadequacy and inferiority. By understanding and applying Erikson's theory, Nurse Nilda can better support individuals in their development and help promote positive outcomes.
A patient with a severe viral infection exhibits reduced levels of circulating lymphocytes. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely responsible for this observation?
- A. Apoptosis of infected lymphocytes
- B. Clonal expansion of memory T cells
- C. T cell anergy
- D. Upregulation of adhesion molecules on lymphocytes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A patient with a severe viral infection exhibiting reduced levels of circulating lymphocytes is likely due to the apoptosis of infected lymphocytes. When a virus enters the body, it can infect and replicate within lymphocytes, subsequently triggering the immune system to induce apoptosis in infected cells to prevent further spread of the virus. This process is part of the body's defense mechanism to control the viral infection. As a result, the circulating lymphocyte levels may decrease as infected lymphocytes are targeted for apoptosis. This phenomenon helps to limit viral replication and spread within the body, thereby aiding in the immune response to eliminate the virus.
Which criterion refers-to the ability of the instrument to detect fine differences among the subjects being studied?
- A. Reliability
- B. objectivity
- C. Sensitivity
- D. Validity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Sensitivity refers to the ability of an instrument to detect small or fine differences among the subjects being studied. In the context of research or measurement tools, sensitivity is crucial for identifying subtle variations in the data that may hold importance in the analysis. A sensitive instrument can accurately measure and record even the smallest changes, making it a valuable criterion when assessing the quality of a measurement tool in research studies. High sensitivity indicates that the instrument is more likely to pick up on nuances and variations in the data, providing researchers with more detailed and accurate information to work with.
Evelyn was given iron as supplemental vitamin to prevent maternal anemia. She asks if
- A. Which of the following would be the best response of the nurse?
- B. "Take two other vitamins separately."
- C. Absorption of iron is enhanced with Vit C.
- D. "Drink milk when taking the iron supplement."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct response would be "Absorption of iron is enhanced with Vitamin C." Iron absorption is increased in the presence of Vitamin C. Therefore, recommending Evelyn to take her iron supplement with a source of Vitamin C such as orange juice or a Vitamin C tablet would optimize the absorption of iron in her body and help prevent maternal anemia more effectively. Taking iron with other vitamins separately, after a full meal, or with milk would not have the same beneficial effect on iron absorption as combining it with Vitamin C.
A patient presents with a pruritic, eczematous rash with erythematous papules, vesicles, and excoriations on the flexural surfaces of the elbows and knees. The patient reports a personal history of asthma and hay fever. Which of the following conditions is most likely responsible for this presentation?
- A. Atopic dermatitis
- B. Contact dermatitis
- C. Seborrheic dermatitis
- D. Nummular eczema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, pruritic inflammatory skin condition that typically presents in individuals with a personal or family history of asthma and allergic rhinitis (hay fever). The characteristic presentation includes erythematous papules, vesicles, and excoriations on the flexural surfaces of the elbows and knees. This type of dermatitis is commonly seen in patients with atopy, which refers to a genetic predisposition to develop allergic diseases like asthma, hay fever, and eczema. Therefore, given the patient's personal history of asthma and hay fever along with the described rash distribution and appearance, atopic dermatitis is the most likely diagnosis.