Nokea
A patient demonstrates disorganized thinking associated related to a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Neuroimaging would most likely show dysfunction in which part of the brain?
- A. Brainstem
- B. Cerebellum
- C. Temporal lobe
- D. Prefrontal cortex
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The prefrontal cortex is responsible for intellectual functioning. The temporal lobe is responsible for the sensation of hearing. The cerebellum regulates skeletal muscle coordination and equilibrium. The brainstem regulates internal organs.
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A patient prescribed a muscarinic-receptor blocker, will require assess for what side effect?
- A. Dry mouth
- B. Gynecomastia
- C. Pseudoparkinsonism
- D. Orthostatic hypotension
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Muscarinic-receptor blockade includes atropine-like side effects such as dry mouth, blurred vision, and constipation. Gynecomastia is associated with decreased prolactin levels. Movement defects are associated with dopamine blockade. Orthostatic hypotension is associated with ?±??-receptor antagonism.
A patient taking an antipsychotic medication develops restlessness and an uncontrollable need to be in motion. A nurse can correctly analyze that these symptoms are related to which drug action?
- A. Anticholinergic effects
- B. Dopamine-blocking effects
- C. Endocrine-stimulating effects
- D. Ability to stimulate spinal nerves
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Medications that block dopamine often produce disturbances of movement (extrapyramidal side effects) such as akathisia because dopamine affects neurons involved in both the thought processes and movement regulation. Anticholinergic effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, and constipation. Akathisia is not caused by endocrine stimulation or spinal nerve stimulation.
The therapeutic action of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) blocks neurotransmitter reuptake, causing what effect?
- A. Increased concentration of neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap
- B. Decreased concentration of neurotransmitters in serum
- C. Destruction of receptor sites
- D. Limbic system stimulation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: If the reuptake of a substance is inhibited, then it accumulates in the synaptic gap and its concentration increases, permitting the ease of the transmission of impulses across the synaptic gap. Normal transmission of impulses across synaptic gaps is consistent with a normal rather than a depressed mood. The other options are not associated with blocking neurotransmitter reuptake.
A patient presents with anxiety, increased heart rate, and fear. The nurse would suspect the presence of a high concentration of which neurotransmitter?
- A. GABA
- B. Histamine
- C. Acetylcholine
- D. Norepinephrine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter associated with sympathetic nervous system stimulation, preparing the individual for the 'fight-or-flight' response. GABA is a mediator of anxiety level. A high concentration of histamine is associated with an inflammatory response. A high concentration of acetylcholine is associated with parasympathetic nervous system stimulation.
A nurse should assess a patient taking a medication with anticholinergic properties for inhibition of what function?
- A. Parasympathetic nervous system
- B. Sympathetic nervous system
- C. Reticular activating system
- D. Medulla oblongata
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter found in high concentration in the parasympathetic nervous system. When acetylcholine action is inhibited by anticholinergic drugs, parasympathetic symptoms such as blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, and urinary retention appear. The functions of the sympathetic nervous system, the reticular activating system, and the medulla oblongata are not affected by anticholinergic medications.