Nokea
A patient newly diagnosed with cancer is scheduled to begin chemotherapy treatment and the nurse is providing anticipatory guidance about potential adverse effects. When addressing the most common adverse effect, what should the nurse describe?
- A. Pruritis (itching)
- B. Nausea and vomiting
- C. Altered glucose metabolism
- D. Confusion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Nausea and vomiting top the chemo side-effect list, hitting most patients due to drugs (e.g., cisplatin, doxorubicin) irritating the gut and triggering the brain's vomiting center. It can last 24-48 hours post-dose, often needing antiemetics like ondansetron. Pruritis might occur with specific agents or reactions, but it's less universal. Glucose metabolism shifts are rare, tied to steroids or endocrine effects, not a chemo hallmark. Confusion could stem from brain mets or fatigue, not a primary effect. Nurses prep patients for this duo nausea and vomiting ensuring they know it's manageable with meds and timing, easing anxiety and boosting adherence in early oncology treatment.
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The role of the nurse and other health professions in chronic disease is to:
- A. Support the person in managing their condition
- B. Provide direction to the person about their treatment
- C. Ensure the person takes their medications and avoids risk factors
- D. Decide on the best approach to manage the condition and direct the implementation of this care
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Chronic disease management hinges on patient empowerment, not authoritarian control. Supporting individuals in managing their condition aligns with modern nursing philosophy, fostering self-efficacy through education, emotional support, and resource provision key in texts like Deravin and Anderson (2019). Providing direction implies guidance, but it's less collaborative than support, often overstepping patient autonomy. Ensuring medication adherence and risk avoidance is paternalistic, assuming enforcement over partnership, which conflicts with patient-centered care principles. Deciding and directing care outright disregards patient input, undermining shared decision-making critical for long-term adherence in chronic illness. Support encompasses holistic care physical, psychological, and social enabling patients to navigate their condition, adapt lifestyles, and cope with challenges, reflecting the multidisciplinary team's role in enhancing quality of life rather than dictating it.
The clinic nurse is caring for a patient whose grandmother and sister have both had breast cancer. She requested a screening test to determine her risk of developing breast cancer and it has come back positive. The patient asks you what she can do to help prevent breast cancer from occurring. What would be your best response?
- A. Research has shown that eating a healthy diet can provide all the protection you need against breast cancer
- B. Research has shown that taking the drug tamoxifen can reduce your chance of breast cancer
- C. Research has shown that exercising at least 30 minutes every day can reduce your chance of breast cancer
- D. Research has shown that there is little you can do to reduce your risk of breast cancer if you have a genetic predisposition
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: With a positive screening test and family history, she's high-risk tamoxifen, a SERM, cuts breast cancer odds by 50% in such cases, per NCI trials. It blocks estrogen fueling tumors, a proven chemoprevention move. Diet helps (antioxidants, less fat), but it's not enough solo. Exercise (30 min/day) trims risk via weight control, but tamoxifen's got stronger data here. Saying little can be done' ignores options genetics load the gun, but lifestyle and drugs can unload it. Nurses in oncology push tamoxifen for its edge, tailoring advice to her risk profile.
When caring for a patient who is pancytopenic, which action by unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) indicates a need for the nurse to intervene?
- A. The UAP assists the patient to use dental floss after eating.
- B. The UAP adds baking soda to the patient's saline oral rinses.
- C. The UAP puts fluoride toothpaste on the patient's toothbrush.
- D. The UAP has the patient rinse after meals with a saline solution.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pancytopenia low everything means flossing risks bleeding and infection in a mouth with no platelets or immunity; baking soda , fluoride , and saline are safe. Nurses in oncology stop this UAP need soft-brush guidance, not floss, to protect fragile mucosa.
Spirometry is used to determine the severity of COPD and to monitor disease progression. This test measures
- A. The ratio of volume of air the patient can forcibly exhale in 1 second and forced vital capacity
- B. The ratio of residual volume when patient has fully exhaled and forced vital capacity
- C. The ratio of forced vital capacity and volume of air the patient can forcibly exhale in 6 seconds
- D. The ratio of respiratory effort and respiratory rate
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Spirometry sizes COPD FEV1/FVC ratio, air blasted in one second versus all-out capacity, pegs obstruction's depth, tracking decline. Residual's post-exhale, not this; 6-second's off; effort-rate's vague. Nurses lean on this, staging chronic airflow's fade.
Which of the following statements regarding dietary approaches to obesity treatment is TRUE?
- A. Dietary modifications are generally not sustainable and hence dietary approaches are not as important as pharmacological approaches
- B. There is no Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) level of evidence regarding decreasing sugar sweetened beverages
- C. Dietary approaches can be broadly categorised into energy-focused, macronutrient-focused, dietary pattern-focused, and dietary timing-focused
- D. Long-term diet trials have shown intermittent fasting to be superior to continuous energy restriction with respect to average weight loss
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Diet's obesity fight splits smart energy, macros, patterns, and timing frame approaches, a true lens on options like low-carb or fasting. Sustainability varies, RCTs back sugar cuts, fasting ties (not tops) restriction, and proteins sate more than carbs. Clinicians wield this quartet, tailoring chronic plans, a broad truth in food's fat battle.