Nokea
A patient presents with a well-demarcated, hyperpigmented patch with irregular borders and asymmetric color distribution on the face. The lesion has increased in size over the past few months. Which of the following conditions is most concerning for this presentation?
- A. Melanocytic nevus (mole)
- B. Lentigo simplex
- C. Seborrheic keratosis
- D. Melanoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The presentation described, including a well-demarcated, hyperpigmented patch with irregular borders, asymmetric color distribution, and increase in size over a short period, is concerning for melanoma. Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that arises from melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment in the skin. The irregular borders, color variation, and growth over time are classic signs of melanoma. Melanomas are potentially dangerous and should be evaluated promptly by a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment. It is important to distinguish melanoma from other benign lesions like melanocytic nevus (mole), lentigo simplex, and seborrheic keratosis, as early detection and treatment of melanoma can significantly impact patient outcomes.
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A patient presents with progressive weakness, muscle atrophy, and fasciculations, primarily involving the upper and lower extremities. Over time, the patient develops dysphagia and dysarthria. Which of the following neurological conditions is most likely responsible for these symptoms?
- A. Parkinson's disease
- B. Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)
- C. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
- D. Myasthenia gravis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The symptoms described, including progressive weakness, muscle atrophy, fasciculations, dysphagia, and dysarthria primarily involving the upper and lower extremities, are classic features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease. ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. As the disease progresses, patients may develop difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and speaking (dysarthria). In contrast, Parkinson's disease primarily involves movement-related symptoms such as tremors, muscle stiffness, and slow movements. Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy that typically presents with ascending weakness and sensory abnormalities, often preceded by an infection. Myasthenia gravis is characterized by muscle weakness exacerbated by
A pregnant woman presents with recurrent episodes of severe abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation. On examination, an abdominal mass is palpable, and bowel sounds are diminished. Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
- A. Ectopic pregnancy
- B. Threatened abortion
- C. Placenta previa
- D. Ovarian torsion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Ovarian torsion is the most likely cause of the pregnant woman's symptoms as described. Ovarian torsion occurs when the ovary twists on its pedicle, leading to compromised blood flow to the ovary. This can cause severe abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation. On examination, an abdominal mass may be palpable due to an enlarged, twisted ovary. Bowel sounds may be diminished due to the effect of the torsion on surrounding structures. Ectopic pregnancy, threatened abortion, and placenta previa are less likely to present with an abdominal mass and diminished bowel sounds.
In order for Nurse Cris to facilitate the recognition of the community the existence of their health problems, which nursing action would yield BETTER results?
- A. Asks the barangay head to make the report
- B. Set the ground rule that presence of problem is valid
- C. Allows people's participation to confirm the health problems.
- D. Acts as an expert to communicate to residents.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Allowing people's participation to confirm the health problems would yield better results in facilitating the recognition of the community's health issues. By involving the community members themselves in the process of identifying and acknowledging their health problems, there is a higher likelihood of garnering accurate and relevant information. This participatory approach fosters a sense of ownership and empowerment among the community members, making them more likely to actively engage in addressing the identified health concerns. Additionally, community participation can help build trust between the nurse and the residents, leading to more effective communication and collaboration in improving overall health outcomes.
To obtain her license to practice, she must do the following, EXCEPT:
- A. Must take the path to any government official
- B. Must register in the registration division of the PRC
- C. Must take the oath of professionals before any member of the PRBON
- D. Must be issued a certificate of Registration (COR) and profession identification card (PIN)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: To obtain a license to practice, the individual must follow certain steps and fulfill specific requirements. Option A states that she must take the path to any government official, which is not accurate or necessary in the process of obtaining a professional license. The other options provided are correct in the usual process of getting a license: registering in the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC), taking the oath of professionals before a member of the Professional Regulatory Board of Nursing (PRBON), and being issued a certificate of Registration (COR) and a profession identification card (PIN).
A patient with diabetes mellitus presents with polyuria, polydipsia, nocturia, and fatigue. Laboratory findings reveal hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and ketonuria. What is the most likely diagnosis?
- A. Diabetic nephropathy
- B. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
- C. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
- D. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The presentation of a patient with diabetes mellitus showing symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, nocturia, and fatigue along with laboratory findings of hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and ketonuria is indicative of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA is a serious complication of diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and ketosis. The increased glucose levels lead to glycosuria, causing osmotic diuresis resulting in polyuria, polydipsia, and nocturia. The body starts breaking down fats for energy in the absence of sufficient insulin, leading to the production of ketones causing ketonuria. The patient may also experience fatigue due to the metabolic abnormalities present in DKA.