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A patient presents with fever, malaise, and a skin lesion resembling a "bull's eye" rash at the site of a tick bite. Which of the following is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Plasmodium falciparum
- B. Trypanosoma cruzi
- C. Borrelia burgdorferi
- D. Leishmania donovani
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The most likely causative agent in this scenario is Borrelia burgdorferi, which is the bacterium responsible for causing Lyme disease. The classic presentation of Lyme disease includes fever, malaise, and a skin lesion resembling a "bull's eye" rash, known as erythema migrans. This rash typically appears at the site of a tick bite. If left untreated, Lyme disease can progress to involve multiple organ systems and lead to more severe complications. Plasmodium falciparum is the causative agent of malaria, which typically presents with symptoms such as fever, chills, and fatigue, but it does not cause a "bull's eye" rash. Trypanosoma cruzi is the parasite responsible for Chagas disease, which presents with symptoms such as fever, swelling at the site of entry (typically the bite wound), and enlarged lymph nodes, but it does not
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In the ethical principle of beneficence, which is the BASIS of every nursing action in all work settings?
- A. Treating all patients selectively.
- B. Informing patients of hospital bills.
- C. Respecting refusal of treatment.
- D. Doing good at all times.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The ethical principle of beneficence, which is the basis of every nursing action in all work settings, emphasizes the importance of doing good at all times for the benefit of the patient. Nurses are expected to act in the best interest of their patients and strive to promote their well-being and welfare. This principle guides nurses to provide care that is compassionate, effective, and in line with the patient's needs and preferences. By prioritizing the good of the patient in all actions and decisions, nurses uphold the principle of beneficence and demonstrate their commitment to promoting positive outcomes for those under their care.
After tracheostomy procedure, the nurse documents important observation made during the procedure such us _________.
- A. Response of the patient's after procedure
- B. Vital signs of the patient's during the procedure
- C. Amount, color and consistency of sputum and appearance of the incision
- D. Behavior of the patient during the procedure
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: It is essential for the nurse to document important observations made during a tracheostomy procedure, and this includes the amount, color, and consistency of sputum as well as the appearance of the incision. Monitoring these factors helps assess the patient's respiratory status, risk of infection, and wound healing progress. Ensuring detailed documentation in this area allows for timely intervention if there are any concerning changes observed post-procedure. Observations such as the response of the patient, vital signs during the procedure, and patient behavior are also important but may be documented separately from the specific details related to sputum, incision appearance, and wound care.
A pregnant woman presents with a history of recurrent pregnancy losses in the second trimester. On examination, the cervix is dilated, and uterine contractions are absent. Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
- A. Ectopic pregnancy
- B. Threatened abortion
- C. Placenta previa
- D. Incompetent cervix
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Incompetent cervix refers to a weakened cervix that is unable to support the weight of the growing fetus, leading to painless cervical dilation and second-trimester pregnancy loss. In this condition, the cervix may dilate prematurely without contractions, resulting in a painless cervical dilation. The history of recurrent second-trimester losses, along with cervical dilation and absence of uterine contractions in the presenting pregnant woman, are characteristic of incompetent cervix. Prompt recognition and management with cerclage placement can help prevent further pregnancy losses in women with incompetent cervix.
A patient presents with swelling of the ankles, dyspnea on exertion, and orthopnea. An echocardiogram reveals decreased left ventricular ejection fraction and dilated left ventricle. Which cardiovascular disorder is most likely responsible for these symptoms?
- A. Stable angina
- B. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
- C. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
- D. Valvular heart disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The patient's presentation of swelling of the ankles, dyspnea on exertion, and orthopnea is highly suggestive of heart failure. The echocardiogram findings of decreased left ventricular ejection fraction and dilated left ventricle are characteristic of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), also known as systolic heart failure. In this condition, the heart's ability to pump blood effectively is compromised, leading to symptoms of congestion and decreased cardiac output. The decreased ejection fraction indicates that the heart is not able to efficiently pump out blood with each contraction. Dilatation of the left ventricle is a compensatory mechanism in response to increased volume overload.
The MOST significant contributory factor to the development of lung cancer is ________.
- A. being a cigarette smoker
- B. belonging to the male sex
- C. Being extremely obese
- D. age over 4 0years
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The most significant contributory factor to the development of lung cancer is being a cigarette smoker. Cigarette smoking is directly linked to approximately 85% of lung cancer cases. The harmful substances in tobacco smoke, such as carcinogens, damage the cells in the lungs, leading to the development of cancer over time. Smokers are at a significantly higher risk of developing lung cancer compared to non-smokers. Therefore, being a cigarette smoker is the primary and most influential risk factor for developing lung cancer.