Nokea
A patient with HIV-AIDS being treated with combined antiviral drugs and * immunosuppressive agents, develops an opportunistic infection caused by Pneumocystis caranii. Which of the following drugs most likely be used in the treatment of pulmonary infection caused by P, caranii?
- A. Metronidazole
- B. Carbenicillin
- C. Trimthoprim /Sulfametoxazole
- D. Penicillin G
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole. This combination is the first-line treatment for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV-AIDS due to its efficacy against the organism. Trimethoprim inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis, while sulfamethoxazole inhibits bacterial dihydrofolic acid formation. These drugs work synergistically to target different steps in the folic acid synthesis pathway of Pneumocystis carinii, leading to its effective eradication. Metronidazole (A) is used for anaerobic bacterial infections, Carbenicillin (B) is a penicillin derivative mainly used for Gram-negative bacteria, and Penicillin G (D) is not effective against Pneumocystis carinii.
You may also like to solve these questions
A 55 year old man with kidney stones has been placed on a diuretic to decrease calcium excretion. However after a few weeks, he develops an attack of gout. Which diuretic is he taking?
- A. Furosemide
- B. Spironolactone
- C. Hydrochlorothiazide
- D. Triamterene
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hydrochlorothiazide. Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that works by reducing calcium excretion and increasing uric acid levels, which can lead to gout attacks in susceptible individuals. Furosemide (choice A) is a loop diuretic that does not increase uric acid levels. Spironolactone (choice B) is a potassium-sparing diuretic and does not affect calcium or uric acid levels significantly. Triamterene (choice D) is also a potassium-sparing diuretic and does not impact calcium or uric acid levels in the same way as hydrochlorothiazide.
What would be the best nursing action for the female client admitted following a nephrolithotomy with a urinary tract infection?
- A. Administer IV fluids and blood transfusions.
- B. Administer narcotic analgesics as prescribed.
- C. Encourage fluid intake of 3000 mL/day.
- D. Suggest taking herbs or spices to increase food palatability.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Encourage fluid intake of 3000 mL/day. This is important post-nephrolithotomy to prevent urinary stasis and aid in flushing out potential stone fragments. Adequate hydration also helps in preventing urinary tract infections. Administering IV fluids and blood transfusions (A) may be necessary in certain cases, but not specifically indicated for this scenario. Administering narcotic analgesics (B) may be required for pain management, but it does not address the underlying issue of preventing complications. Suggesting herbs or spices (D) is unrelated and may not be recommended due to potential interactions with medications.
The external male genital structures include the:
- A. Testis.
- B. Scrotum.
- C. Epididymis.
- D. Vas deferens.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Scrotum. The scrotum is a pouch of skin and muscle that houses and protects the testes, which are the actual male reproductive glands responsible for producing sperm. The scrotum also helps regulate the temperature of the testes to ensure optimal sperm production.
A: Testis - While the testis is an external male genital structure, it is not the correct answer in this context as the question specifically asks for external structures.
C: Epididymis - The epididymis is a coiled tube located on the back of each testicle where sperm mature and are stored. It is an internal structure and not considered part of the external genital structures.
D: Vas deferens - The vas deferens is a tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation. It is also an internal structure and not part of the external genital structures.
The penicillin G preparation with the longest duration of action is:
- A. Benzathine penicillin
- B. Sodium penicillin
- C. Potassium penicillin
- D. Procaine penicillin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Benzathine penicillin. Benzathine penicillin has the longest duration of action among the choices because it is formulated as a salt that releases the active drug slowly over an extended period. The benzathine salt forms a depot at the injection site, leading to a sustained release of penicillin into the bloodstream. This results in a prolonged therapeutic effect and less frequent dosing compared to other penicillin preparations.
Summary:
- Choice B: Sodium penicillin has a shorter duration of action as it gets rapidly absorbed and eliminated from the body.
- Choice C: Potassium penicillin is not a standard form of penicillin and does not exist as a distinct preparation.
- Choice D: Procaine penicillin has an intermediate duration of action compared to benzathine penicillin due to the addition of procaine for local anesthesia, but it is not as long-acting.
Which statement by a new nurse teaching a patient with cystitis requires intervention?
- A. You should always drink 1 to 3 liters of fluid every day.
- B. Empty your bladder regularly even if you do not feel the urge to urinate.
- C. Drinking cranberry juice daily may decrease bacteria in your bladder.
- D. It's OK to soak in the tub with bubble bath as it will keep you clean.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because soaking in a tub with bubble bath can exacerbate cystitis symptoms due to potential irritation from the bubble bath chemicals. This can worsen the patient's condition. A, B, and C are correct statements. A promotes proper hydration, B encourages regular emptying of the bladder to prevent bacterial growth, and C suggests a potential remedy for cystitis by consuming cranberry juice.