Nokea
A patient's body is not properly filtering blood. Which of the following body parts is most likely malfunctioning?
- A. Medulla
- B. Heart
- C. Nephrons
- D. Renal cortex
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys responsible for filtering blood and removing waste products to form urine. If a patient's body is not properly filtering blood, it is most likely due to dysfunction or impairment in the nephrons of the kidneys. The heart is responsible for pumping blood, not filtering it, making choice B incorrect. The medulla and renal cortex are specific parts of the kidney but do not directly perform the filtration function carried out by the nephrons, making choices A and D incorrect.
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What are the tiny blood vessels that transport blood from arteries to veins within the body?
- A. Arterioles
- B. Capillaries
- C. Venules
- D. Veins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Capillaries. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels that connect arterioles (small arteries) with venules (small veins). They enable the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and tissues. Arterioles are small arteries that carry blood away from the heart, while venules are small veins that carry blood towards the heart. Veins are larger blood vessels that transport blood back to the heart. Therefore, capillaries specifically serve as the vessels responsible for the exchange of substances between the blood and body tissues.
Which of the following terms refers to the ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal and external environment?
- A. Growth
- B. Responsiveness
- C. Reproduction
- D. Development
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Responsiveness is the correct term that refers to the ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal and external environment. In this context, growth is incorrect as it pertains to an increase in size or number, reproduction involves producing offspring, and development refers to the process of growth, maturation, and differentiation of cells and tissues. Therefore, 'Responsiveness' is the most appropriate term for the given description.
Which of the following correctly describes mitosis?
- A. Mitosis occurs in germ cells.
- B. Mitosis occurs in somatic cells.
- C. Mitosis involves the reduction of chromosome number by half.
- D. Mitosis produces four genetically different cells.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Mitosis occurs in somatic cells where a single cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells. Germ cells undergo meiosis, not mitosis. Choice C is incorrect as mitosis results in the preservation of the same chromosome number in daughter cells. Choice D is inaccurate as mitosis produces genetically identical cells, not genetically different ones.
What is the purpose of sodium bicarbonate when released into the lumen of the small intestine?
- A. It works to chemically digest fats in the chyme.
- B. It decreases the pH of the chyme to prevent harm to the intestine.
- C. It works to chemically digest proteins in the chyme.
- D. It increases the pH of the chyme to prevent harm to the intestine.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Sodium bicarbonate, when released into the lumen of the small intestine, functions to increase the pH of the acidic chyme coming from the stomach. This increase in pH helps neutralize the acidity of the chyme, creating a more optimal environment for the digestive enzymes in the small intestine to function properly. Maintaining a slightly basic pH in the small intestine is crucial for overall digestion and absorption of nutrients. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Sodium bicarbonate does not chemically digest fats or proteins in the chyme, and it does not decrease the pH of the chyme as it actually increases the pH to prevent harm to the intestine.
What is the main function of the skeletal system?
- A. To regulate blood pressure
- B. To protect internal organs
- C. To produce hormones
- D. To fight infection
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The main function of the skeletal system is to provide structural support for the body, protect internal organs, facilitate movement, and produce blood cells in the bone marrow. Choice A, 'To regulate blood pressure,' is incorrect as blood pressure regulation is primarily controlled by the circulatory and endocrine systems. Choice C, 'To produce hormones,' is incorrect as hormone production is mainly carried out by the endocrine system. Choice D, 'To fight infection,' is incorrect as the immune system is responsible for fighting infections, not the skeletal system.