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A pregnant woman presents with recurrent episodes of severe abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation. On examination, an abdominal mass is palpable, and bowel sounds are diminished. Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
- A. Ectopic pregnancy
- B. Threatened abortion
- C. Placenta previa
- D. Ovarian torsion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Ovarian torsion is the most likely cause of the pregnant woman's symptoms as described. Ovarian torsion occurs when the ovary twists on its pedicle, leading to compromised blood flow to the ovary. This can cause severe abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation. On examination, an abdominal mass may be palpable due to an enlarged, twisted ovary. Bowel sounds may be diminished due to the effect of the torsion on surrounding structures. Ectopic pregnancy, threatened abortion, and placenta previa are less likely to present with an abdominal mass and diminished bowel sounds.
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A patient presents with fever, chills, headache, and myalgia after returning from a trip to sub-Saharan Africa. Laboratory tests reveal intraerythrocytic ring forms and trophozoites on blood smear examination. Which of the following is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Plasmodium falciparum
- B. Trypanosoma cruzi
- C. Borrelia burgdorferi
- D. Leishmania donovani
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The clinical presentation of fever, chills, headache, and myalgia after a trip to sub-Saharan Africa is highly indicative of malaria. Specifically, the presence of intraerythrocytic ring forms and trophozoites on blood smear examination points towards Plasmodium falciparum as the most likely causative agent. Plasmodium falciparum is the most deadly of the Plasmodium species that cause malaria and is responsible for the majority of severe malaria cases worldwide. It is transmitted through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Treatment for Plasmodium falciparum infection usually involves antimalarial medications such as artemisinin-based combination therapies.
A patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presents with increased dyspnea and cough productive of purulent sputum. On auscultation, coarse crackles are heard bilaterally. Which complication of COPD is the patient most likely experiencing?
- A. Acute exacerbation
- B. Pneumothorax
- C. Pulmonary embolism
- D. Pleural effusion
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The patient with a history of COPD presenting with increased dyspnea, cough productive of purulent sputum, and coarse crackles on auscultation is most likely experiencing an acute exacerbation of COPD. Acute exacerbations in COPD are defined as sustained worsening of the patient's respiratory symptoms beyond normal day-to-day variations, leading to a change in medication. Common triggers for exacerbations include respiratory infections, air pollution, and non-compliance with medications.
During surgery, the nurse notices that the patient's temperature is dropping below the normal range. What should the nurse do?
- A. Increase the ambient room temperature in the operating room
- B. Administer a warming blanket or forced-air warming device
- C. Document the temperature trend in the patient's chart
- D. Continue monitoring the patient's temperature closely
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In a situation where a patient's temperature is dropping below the normal range during surgery, the nurse should prioritize actively warming the patient to prevent hypothermia. Administering a warming blanket or using a forced-air warming device are effective methods to increase the patient's body temperature and prevent any complications that may arise from hypothermia. Increasing the ambient room temperature can help, but it may not be as direct or effective as applying targeted heat sources to the patient. Documenting the temperature trend in the patient's chart is important for record-keeping purposes, but immediate action to address the dropping temperature is necessary. Continuously monitoring the patient's temperature closely is important, but action should be taken promptly to prevent further decline.
Emotional 1ability is common to pregnant women. Identify which of the following reactions is accepted as part of a normal pregnancy?
- A. Feelings are easily hurt by remarks
- B. Mood swings
- C. Amusing or even charming situation
- D. Narcissism
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Mood swings are recognized as a typical part of a normal pregnancy due to the hormonal changes that occur. Pregnant individuals may experience a wide range of emotions, from joy and elation to frustration and irritability. These fluctuations in mood are considered normal and not necessarily indicative of a more serious issue. It is essential for pregnant women to receive support and understanding during this time as they navigate the emotional ups and downs of pregnancy. Feelings being easily hurt by remarks (A) and narcissism (D) are not typically accepted as part of a normal pregnancy and may require further attention or support. While finding a situation amusing or charming (C) can be a positive experience, it is not specifically indicative of a normal emotional reaction during pregnancy.
According to RA 9482 or the anti- Rabies Act of 2007, which of the following statement s regarding rabies post exposure prophylaxis is APPLICABLE?
- A. Have the dogs be regular ly vaccinated against rabies
- B. Do not allow the dog to roam the street.
- C. Put the dog in a leash when in a public place.
- D. The owner will assist the bite victim with the medical expenses . Situation - Roy, 65 years old, came to the outpatient clinic due to dyspnea, fever and on and off productive cough. He smokes one pack of cigarette per day for the last 30 years. The doctor ordered sputum examination, chest x-ray and blood culture.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: According to RA 9482 or the Anti-Rabies Act of 2007, one of the key components of rabies prevention is to have dogs regularly vaccinated against rabies. This is a crucial step in reducing the risk of rabies transmission from dogs to humans. By ensuring that dogs are vaccinated, the likelihood of rabies exposure is significantly decreased. Additionally, proper vaccination also helps protect the health and well-being of the dogs themselves. Therefore, ensuring regular vaccination of dogs is an applicable and important statement regarding rabies post-exposure prophylaxis as mandated by the law.