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A scientist wants to measure how far a person can run in 30 minutes. Which of the following units should be used to record this measurement as a small number?
- A. Gigameters
- B. Kilometers
- C. Megameters
- D. Terameters
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Kilometers are commonly used for shorter distances and would provide a small and practical number to measure distance in this context. Gigameters, Megameters, and Terameters are much larger units of measurement and would result in very large numbers, making them impractical for measuring the distance a person can run in 30 minutes. Therefore, the correct choice is Kilometers as it is a suitable unit for measuring such distances within a reasonable range.
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Not all cells in the pancreas secrete insulin because of the hormone somatostatin, which inhibits the release of insulin by all cells. What type of intercellular chemical signal does this illustrate?
- A. Autocrine
- B. Neuromodulator
- C. Paracrine
- D. Pheromone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Paracrine. Somatostatin acts in a paracrine manner by inhibiting the release of insulin from nearby cells within the pancreas. Paracrine signaling involves the secretion of signals that act on neighboring cells, as seen in this scenario where somatostatin affects nearby pancreatic cells without entering the bloodstream or affecting distant cells. Autocrine signaling involves cells responding to substances they themselves release, which is not the case here. Neuromodulators are chemicals that modulate the activity of neurons, not directly related to this scenario. Pheromones are chemicals released into the environment to communicate with individuals of the same species, not relevant to the signaling within the pancreas.
Which term is used interchangeably with negative variation?
- A. Non-correlation
- B. Direct correlation
- C. Inverse correlation
- D. Positive correlation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Inverse correlation. Negative variation is synonymous with inverse correlation, indicating that as one variable increases, the other decreases. This relationship is the opposite of positive correlation, where both variables increase or decrease together. Non-correlation and direct correlation do not convey the concept of negative variation and are not interchangeable terms in this context. Non-correlation refers to variables that are not related or associated, while direct correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other also increases. Positive correlation describes a relationship where both variables increase together, which is the opposite of negative variation.
What two factors enable some intercellular chemical signals to diffuse across cell membranes and bind to intracellular receptors?
- A. They are small and soluble.
- B. They are large and soluble.
- C. They are small and insoluble.
- D. They are large and insoluble.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'They are small and soluble.' Small and soluble molecules can easily pass through cell membranes and bind to intracellular receptors. Being small allows them to pass through the membrane, while being soluble enables them to dissolve in the aqueous environment inside the cell. Choice B is incorrect because large molecules typically cannot pass through the cell membrane easily. Choices C and D are incorrect because insoluble molecules would not dissolve in the aqueous environment inside the cell, hindering their ability to bind to intracellular receptors.
What are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity, located at the back of the human body?
- A. Cranial and spinal
- B. Dorsal and ventral
- C. Lateral and proximal
- D. Inferior and superior
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cranial and spinal. The dorsal cavity, situated at the back of the human body, is divided into the cranial cavity (housing the brain) and the spinal cavity (housing the spinal cord). Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not represent the correct subdivisions of the dorsal cavity. Option B (Dorsal and ventral) is incorrect as it confuses the dorsal cavity with the dorsal and ventral body planes. Option C (Lateral and proximal) and option D (Inferior and superior) are incorrect as they refer to different anatomical terms that do not apply to the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity.
What is a rod-shaped structure that forms when a single DNA molecule and its associated proteins coil tightly before cell division?
- A. Centromere
- B. Chromatid
- C. Chromosome
- D. Gene
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A chromosome is a rod-shaped structure that forms when a single DNA molecule and its associated proteins coil tightly before cell division. It contains the genetic material and is essential for cell division and replication. The centromere is a specific region of a chromosome that plays a role in cell division. A chromatid is one half of a duplicated chromosome, and a gene is a unit of heredity responsible for specific traits. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Chromosome' as it represents the entire condensed DNA molecule during cell division.