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A specimen stained by Ozheshko method contains rod-like microorganisms stained blue with round terminal components stained red. What are these components called?
- A. Spores
- B. Cilia
- C. Flagella
- D. Capsules
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Spores. In the Ozheshko staining method, spores appear blue with red terminal components. Spores are reproductive structures produced by some bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Cilia are short, hair-like structures used for movement. Flagella are long, whip-like structures also used for movement. Capsules are outer protective layers surrounding some bacteria. In this case, the description of rod-like microorganisms with blue staining and red terminal components aligns with the characteristics of spores, making it the correct answer.
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A patient in the oral surgery department has got purulent complication. Bacteriological analysis of the wound material found a culture that produces cyan pigment. What microorganism is the most probable causative agent?
- A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- B. Proteus vulgaris
- C. Bacillus subtilis
- D. Klebsiella pneumoniae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known for producing a bluish-green pigment called pyocyanin, which presents as a cyan pigment. This bacterium is commonly associated with wound infections and is often found in oral surgery complications. Proteus vulgaris (B) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (D) are not typically associated with cyan pigment production, making them less likely causative agents. Bacillus subtilis (C) is not known to produce cyan pigment and is not a common pathogen in wound infections. Therefore, based on the presence of cyan pigment and the clinical context of an oral surgery complication, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most probable causative agent.
A man uses dentures. The dentist has noticed mucosal lecions with a white coating in his oral cavity. Microscopy of the coating detected large oval Gram-positive cells. What microorganisms have caused stomatitis in the patient?
- A. Yeast-like fungi of Candida genus
- B. Actinomycetes
- C. Streptococci
- D. Oral spirochetes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Yeast-like fungi of Candida genus. Candida is a common cause of oral thrush/stomatitis, characterized by mucosal lesions with white coating. The presence of large oval Gram-positive cells is indicative of Candida species. Actinomycetes (B) are filamentous bacteria and not oval Gram-positive cells. Streptococci (C) are spherical bacteria, not oval, and are not commonly associated with stomatitis. Oral spirochetes (D) are spiral-shaped bacteria and not oval Gram-positive cells typically seen in Candida infections. Thus, A is the correct choice based on the characteristic morphology and clinical presentation.
The dynamic balance of the species in the normal microflora is known as
- A. dysbiosis
- B. eukaryota
- C. dispersion
- D. eubiosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: eubiosis. Eubiosis refers to a state of balance and harmony among the species in the normal microflora. This term signifies a healthy and stable microbial community. Dysbiosis (A) is the opposite, indicating an imbalance or disruption in the microflora. Eukaryota (B) refers to organisms with cells containing a nucleus, not specifically related to the balance of microflora. Dispersion (C) refers to the spreading or distribution of microorganisms, not specifically related to their balance. In summary, eubiosis best describes the dynamic balance of species in the normal microflora, making it the correct choice.
Which of the following microorganisms require a moist environment to survive and most often live in ponds, streams, lakes, and oceans?
- A. Mycorrhizae
- B. Armillaria gallica
- C. Blastospores
- D. Blastospores
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Blastospores. Blastospores are a type of fungal spore that requires a moist environment to survive. They are commonly found in water bodies like ponds, streams, lakes, and oceans. Mycorrhizae (A) are symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots, not solely dependent on a moist environment. Armillaria gallica (B) is a type of fungus that can survive in various environmental conditions, not specifically reliant on a moist environment. Choice C is a duplicate of Blastospores, making it incorrect.
The function of beta-lactamase in bacteria is to:
- A. Break down antibiotics like penicillin
- B. Enhance protein synthesis
- C. Facilitate DNA replication
- D. Transport nutrients
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Break down antibiotics like penicillin. Beta-lactamase is an enzyme produced by bacteria to inactivate beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillin by breaking the beta-lactam ring. This mechanism helps bacteria resist the antibiotic's effects. The other choices are incorrect because beta-lactamase does not enhance protein synthesis, facilitate DNA replication, or transport nutrients. It specifically targets and deactivates beta-lactam antibiotics, making choice A the most appropriate answer.