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A teen asks a nurse, "What is physical dependence in substance abuse?" Which is the correct response by the nurse?
- A. Problem that occurs in conjunction with addiction
- B. Involuntary physiologic response to drug
- C. Culturally defined use of drugs for purposes other than accepted medical purposes
- D. Voluntary behavior based on psychosocial needs
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Physical dependence in substance abuse refers to the body's physiological adaptation to a drug, leading to the development of withdrawal symptoms when the drug is abruptly stopped or reduced in dosage. This is different from addiction, which involves psychological dependence and compulsive drug-seeking behavior despite harmful consequences. Physical dependence is typically characterized by tolerance (needing higher doses to achieve the same effect) and withdrawal symptoms when the drug is stopped.
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The nurse has determined the rate of both the child's radial pulse and heart. What is the normal finding when comparing the two rates?
- A. Are the same
- B. Differ, with heart rate faster
- C. Differ, with radial pulse faster
- D. Differ, depending on quality and intensity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In a normal healthy individual, the rate of the radial pulse (peripheral pulse) and the heart rate (apical pulse) should be the same. This is because each heartbeat should result in a corresponding pulse felt at the radial artery in the wrist. The pulse is generated by the heart's contraction and the subsequent ejection of blood into the arteries, causing a wave of pressure that can be felt as the pulse. Therefore, in a healthy individual, the radial pulse rate should match the heart rate. If there is a significant difference between the two rates, it may indicate a cardiovascular abnormality or other underlying health condition that warrants further investigation.
Which of the ff should qualify as an abnormal result in a Romberg test?
- A. Hypotension
- B. Swaying, losing balance, or arm drifting
- C. Sneezing and wheezing
- D. Excessive cerumen in the outer ear
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During a Romberg test, the individual is asked to stand with feet together, arms at sides, and eyes closed. The tester then observes for swaying, losing balance, or arm drifting, which are signs of a positive Romberg test, indicating a potential issue with proprioception or vestibular function. Hypotension (choice A) refers to low blood pressure and is not directly assessed during a Romberg test. Sneezing and wheezing (choice C) are unrelated symptoms. Excessive cerumen in the outer ear (choice D) does not affect the results of a Romberg test focused on balance and proprioception.
HIV antibody testing procedures using a finger stick or venipuncture to obtain whole blood, plasma, or serum, and tests using oral fluid were approved. All the following regarding this test are true EXCEPT
- A. they are simple and accurate as to render the likelihood of an erroneous result by the user negligible
- B. a positive result does not need confirmation by Western blot analysis or immunofluorescence assay
- C. they allow women who have not been tested or are unaware of their HIV status to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of antiretroviral therapy implementation
- D. they significantly reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A positive result from rapid HIV tests still requires confirmation with more specific tests like Western blot or immunofluorescence assay.
When caring for a child that has undergone a tonsillectomy, the nurse should do which of the following?
- A. Observe for continuous swallowing.
- B. Encourage gargling with warm saline water.
- C. Apply warm compresses to the throat.
- D. Apply cold compresses to the throat.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: When caring for a child that has undergone a tonsillectomy, the nurse should observe for continuous swallowing. Continuous swallowing may indicate bleeding, and it is important to monitor for this postoperatively as it can be a sign of hemorrhage, which is a potential complication following a tonsillectomy. Encouraging the child to take sips of clear fluids can help in assessing if there is bleeding. Observing for any signs of bleeding, such as frequent swallowing, along with monitoring vital signs and overall assessment, is crucial during the initial postoperative period.
Which defect results in increased pulmonary blood flow?
- A. Pulmonic stenosis
- B. Tricuspid atresia
- C. Atrial septal defect
- D. Transposition of the great arteries
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital heart defect where there is an abnormal opening in the atrial septum, leading to a left-to-right shunt of blood. This shunt causes increased pulmonary blood flow, as oxygenated blood from the left atrium is shunted back into the right atrium and then into the pulmonary circulation. Over time, this increased pulmonary blood flow can lead to pulmonary hypertension and potentially Eisenmenger syndrome if left untreated. Pulmonic stenosis, tricuspid atresia, and transposition of the great arteries all typically result in decreased pulmonary blood flow rather than increased pulmonary blood flow.