Nokea
According to the cognitive perspective of perceptual development, what do babies do?
- A. are blank slates
- B. impose meaning on what they perceive
- C. actively search for discontinuous stimuli
- D. seek variant features in the environment
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: According to the cognitive perspective of perceptual development, babies impose meaning on what they perceive. This means that babies actively interpret and make sense of the stimuli they encounter. Choice A is incorrect because babies are not seen as blank slates in this context; they actively engage with their environment. Choice C is incorrect as babies do not necessarily search for discontinuous stimuli, but rather interpret what they perceive. Choice D is incorrect as seeking variant features in the environment is not a core concept of the cognitive perspective of perceptual development.
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Dr. Kostel believes that development takes place in stages. This belief is consistent with the __________ perspective.
- A. nurture
- B. continuous
- C. discontinuous
- D. nature
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Dr. Kostel's belief in stage-based development aligns with the discontinuous perspective, which sees development as a series of distinct stages. The continuous perspective (choice B) suggests development as a smooth and gradual process without distinct stages. The nature perspective (choice D) focuses on genetic and hereditary influences on development. The nurture perspective (choice A) emphasizes the impact of environment and upbringing on development, which is not directly related to the belief in stage-based development.
Fraternal twins are ____________.
- A. genetically identical
- B. no more alike than ordinary siblings
- C. less common than other types of multiple offspring
- D. less likely with each additional birth
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Fraternal twins are no more alike than ordinary siblings because they share about 50% of their genes, just like other siblings. Choice A is incorrect as fraternal twins are not genetically identical. Choice C is incorrect as fraternal twins are actually the most common type of multiple offspring. Choice D is incorrect as the likelihood of fraternal twins is not affected by the number of births a mother has had.
Self-esteem takes on a hierarchical structure in __________.
- A. toddlerhood
- B. preschool
- C. middle childhood
- D. adolescence
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In middle childhood, self-esteem becomes more differentiated and organized into a hierarchy based on various domains of competence. This period marks a time when children start to compare their abilities in different areas, such as academic performance, social skills, and physical abilities. Toddlerhood and preschool years are characterized by the development of basic self-awareness and self-concept, but self-esteem hierarchy typically emerges later in middle childhood and further solidifies in adolescence as individuals navigate complex social dynamics and personal identities.
According to Erikson, the major personality attainment of adolescence is __________.
- A. trust
- B. identity
- C. autonomy
- D. intimacy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the major personality attainment of adolescence is identity. During adolescence, individuals go through a stage called 'Identity vs. Role Confusion,' where they explore different roles and develop a sense of self. Trust (choice A) is associated with the first stage of Erikson's theory, autonomy (choice C) is linked to the toddler stage, and intimacy (choice D) is a key aspect of the young adulthood stage.
The negative outcome of Erikson's midlife stage, stagnation, focuses on __________.
- A. role confusion
- B. selflessness
- C. self-indulgence
- D. guilt and shame
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'self-indulgence'. Stagnation in Erikson's midlife stage refers to a lack of growth and self-indulgence, leading to a feeling of unproductiveness. This contrasts with 'role confusion' (A), which is associated with Erikson's adolescence stage, 'selflessness' (B) which is a positive trait, and 'guilt and shame' (D) which are emotions typically associated with earlier stages of development.