Nokea
Acute hemorrhagic cystitis may be due to:
- A. Parvovirus B19
- B. CMV
- C. Adenovirus
- D. Herpesvirus type 2
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for choice C (Adenovirus) being correct:
1. Adenovirus is a common cause of acute hemorrhagic cystitis.
2. Adenovirus infects the bladder epithelium, leading to inflammation and bleeding.
3. Symptoms include hematuria and bladder pain.
4. Diagnosis is confirmed through viral culture or PCR testing.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A: Parvovirus B19 - More commonly associated with erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) and aplastic anemia.
B: CMV - Known to cause congenital infections, mononucleosis, and retinitis, not typically associated with hemorrhagic cystitis.
D: Herpesvirus type 2 - Commonly causes genital herpes, but not typically associated with acute hemorrhagic cystitis.
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Which bacterial structure helps in the movement towards or away from chemical stimuli?
- A. Flagella
- B. Pili
- C. Capsule
- D. Fimbriae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Flagella are the correct answer because they are long, whip-like structures that aid in bacterial movement towards or away from chemical stimuli. They rotate like propellers, allowing the bacterium to navigate its environment. Pili are used for attachment, not movement. Capsules are involved in protection and adherence, not chemotaxis. Fimbriae help in attachment to surfaces, not in movement towards stimuli.
Which of the following is not a bacterial antibiotic resistance mechanism
- A. Reduced permeability
- B. Cell-wall regrowth
- C. Over-expression of target
- D. c) Efflux pump
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cell-wall regrowth. This is not a bacterial antibiotic resistance mechanism because antibiotics target specific components in bacteria, such as cell wall synthesis, making regrowth impossible in the presence of antibiotics. Reduced permeability (A) decreases antibiotic entry, Over-expression of target (C) reduces antibiotic effectiveness, and Efflux pump (D) actively removes antibiotics from the cell, all contributing to antibiotic resistance. In summary, cell-wall regrowth is not a mechanism of antibiotic resistance, unlike the other choices that actively promote bacterial survival against antibiotics.
On the 5th day after a surgery for colon injury a patient complains of bursting pain in the postoperative wound, weakness, drowsiness, headache, fever up to 40oC. Objectively: the skin around the wound is swollen, there is gas crepitation. The wound discharges are scarce foul-smelling, of dark-gray color. What is the most likely diagnosis?
- A. Anaerobic clostridial wound infection
- B. Abscess
- C. Postoperative wound infection
- D. Erysipelas
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Anaerobic clostridial wound infection. The symptoms and signs described (bursting pain, weakness, drowsiness, fever, swollen skin, gas crepitation, foul-smelling dark-gray discharge) are classic for gas gangrene, caused by Clostridium perfringens. Gas gangrene is an anaerobic infection that thrives in devitalized tissue, such as postoperative wounds. The gas crepitation is due to gas production by the bacteria. Abscess (B) typically presents with localized swelling and fluctuance, not gas crepitation. Postoperative wound infection (C) may present with redness, warmth, and increased wound discharge but not the specific features mentioned. Erysipelas (D) is a superficial bacterial skin infection, typically caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, presenting with well-defined raised borders and redness.
What would be the conclusion?
- A. The water is safe for consumption
- B. The water quality is doubtful
- C. The water quality is extremely doubtful
- D. The water is polluted
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice B being correct:
1. The conclusion should be based on evidence or observations.
2. "Doubtful" suggests uncertainty, indicating lack of definitive safety.
3. Choice A is too absolute without considering potential risks.
4. Choice C uses extreme language without proper evidence.
5. Choice D is overly definitive without considering varying levels of contamination. Therefore, choice B is the most reasonable conclusion.
Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing tuberculosis?
- A. Mycobacterium leprae
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This bacterium is responsible for causing tuberculosis. Mycobacterium leprae (choice A) causes leprosy, not tuberculosis. Streptococcus pneumoniae (choice C) is known for causing pneumonia, not tuberculosis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (choice D) is responsible for causing gonorrhea, not tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the specific bacterium associated with tuberculosis due to its ability to infect the lungs and other organs, leading to the characteristic symptoms of the disease.