Nokea
Acute-phase proteins include
- A. Selectins
- B. Mannose binding lectin (MBL)
- C. Lysozyme
- D. Defensins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Acute-phase proteins are a group of proteins produced by the liver in response to inflammation or infection.
Step 2: Mannose binding lectin (MBL) is an acute-phase protein that plays a role in the innate immune response.
Step 3: MBL binds to pathogens and activates the complement system to enhance immune responses.
Step 4: Selectins are cell adhesion molecules, not acute-phase proteins.
Step 5: Lysozyme is an enzyme that destroys bacterial cell walls, not typically classified as an acute-phase protein.
Step 6: Defensins are antimicrobial peptides, not typically classified as acute-phase proteins.
Summary:
MBL is the correct choice as it is a well-known acute-phase protein involved in the immune response. Selectins, Lysozyme, and Defensins are not typically classified as acute-phase proteins and are involved in different functions.
You may also like to solve these questions
Which word identifies a mutation of protooncogenes?
- A. Oncogenes
- B. Retrogenes
- C. Oncofetal antigens
- D. Tumor angiogenesis factor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Protooncogenes, when mutated, become oncogenes, which promote uncontrolled cell growth.
Flu neuraminidase is
- A. A protein that allows the virus to escape the host immune response
- B. A surface protein that allows the release of newly formed viral particles
- C. The target of Tamiflu
- D. Both B and C are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because flu neuraminidase is a surface protein that allows the release of newly formed viral particles and it is also the target of Tamiflu. Neuraminidase helps the virus spread by cleaving sialic acid from host cells, facilitating the release of viral particles. Tamiflu inhibits neuraminidase, preventing the spread of the virus. Option A is incorrect because neuraminidase does not directly help the virus escape the host immune response. Option B is partially correct but incomplete without mentioning Tamiflu. Option C is also partially correct but incomplete without mentioning the role of neuraminidase in releasing viral particles.
An older adult has fallen and sprained his ankle in a local park. Which action should the responder perform first?
- A. Elevate the foot.
- B. Apply ice.
- C. Administer aspirin.
- D. Assist the patient with ambulation.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct action is to elevate the foot first. Elevating the foot helps reduce swelling and pain by promoting better circulation. This step is crucial in the initial management of a sprained ankle. Applying ice and administering aspirin can come after elevating the foot. Assisting with ambulation should only be considered after the initial measures are taken to address the sprained ankle.
Which factor is primarily responsible for the division of bacterial populations into specific zones within sediments?
- A. predation by protozoans
- B. free oxygen availability
- C. competition for suitable electron acceptors
- D. cometabolism of organic compounds
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: free oxygen availability. In sediment environments, free oxygen availability plays a crucial role in determining bacterial population distribution due to oxygen gradients. Bacteria that require oxygen will be found in aerobic zones where oxygen is present, while anaerobic bacteria will thrive in zones with limited or no oxygen. This division is primarily responsible for the spatial organization of bacterial populations within sediments.
Choice A: Predation by protozoans is not primarily responsible for division of bacterial populations within sediments as it focuses on interactions between different organisms rather than the environmental factor of oxygen availability.
Choice C: While competition for suitable electron acceptors is important for microbial communities, it is not the primary factor responsible for the division of bacterial populations within sediments.
Choice D: Cometabolism of organic compounds refers to the metabolism of compounds alongside the primary substrate, and it is not directly related to the spatial distribution of bacterial populations within sediments based on oxygen availability.
During the adaptive immune response mature dendritic cells provide polarizing cytokines that influence the differentiation of Th subsets. The polarizing cytokine(s) produced by a dendritic cell depends on:
- A. Whether it expresses MHC class I or MHC class II molecules
- B. The type of pathogen it encounters
- C. Which type of Fc receptor it expresses
- D. All of the above are correct
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: The type of pathogen it encounters. Dendritic cells produce different polarizing cytokines based on the type of pathogen they encounter. This is crucial for directing the differentiation of T helper (Th) subsets. Choice A is incorrect because the expression of MHC class I or II molecules by dendritic cells is important for antigen presentation to T cells, not for determining polarizing cytokines. Choice C is also incorrect because Fc receptors are involved in antibody-mediated immune responses, not in determining polarizing cytokines. Therefore, the correct answer is B as it directly influences the differentiation of Th subsets by providing appropriate polarizing cytokines based on the encountered pathogen.