Nokea
“Animalcules†were first described by
- A. Robert Hooke
- B. Antony van Leeuwenhoek
- C. Hans Janssen
- D. John Needham
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Antony van Leeuwenhoek. He was the first to observe and describe "animalcules" (microorganisms) through his early microscopes. Robert Hooke (A) is known for his work with cells but did not discover animalcules. Hans Janssen (C) and John Needham (D) did not make significant contributions to the discovery of microorganisms. Leeuwenhoek's pioneering observations were crucial in the development of microbiology.
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A 30 y.o. patient is diagnosed with amebic dysentery. This diagnosis was bacteriologically confirmed. Name the preparation for its treatment:
- A. Metronidazole
- B. Mebendazole
- C. Itrakonazole
- D. Furacillin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Metronidazole. Amebic dysentery is caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica, not bacteria. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treating this parasitic infection. It works by disrupting the DNA structure of the parasite, leading to its death. Mebendazole (B) is used to treat certain worm infections, not amebic dysentery. Itrakonazole (C) is an antifungal medication and not effective against parasites. Furacillin (D) is an antibacterial agent and not suitable for treating parasitic infections like amebic dysentery.
A 35-year-old man was diagnosed with cutaneous leishmaniasis. What is the vector of the causative agent?
- A. Sandfly
- B. Tick
- C. Mosquito
- D. Tsetse fly
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Sandfly. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of infected sandflies. These tiny insects are known vectors for Leishmania parasites. Sandflies are active during dusk and night, feeding on blood from mammals, including humans. Tick (B), mosquito (C), and tsetse fly (D) are not vectors for Leishmania parasites. Ticks transmit diseases like Lyme disease, mosquitoes transmit diseases like malaria, and tsetse flies transmit African trypanosomiasis. Therefore, the correct vector for cutaneous leishmaniasis is the sandfly due to its specific role in transmitting the Leishmania parasite.
A patient with a wound infection had Gram-positive cocci in clusters isolated from a wound culture. The organism was catalase-positive and coagulase-positive. What is the likely causative agent?
- A. Staphylococcus aureus
- B. Staphylococcus epidermidis
- C. Streptococcus pyogenes
- D. Enterococcus faecalis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: 1. Gram-positive cocci in clusters suggest Staphylococcus species.
2. Catalase-positive and coagulase-positive characteristics match with Staphylococcus aureus.
3. Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of wound infections due to its virulence factors.
4. Other choices are incorrect: B) S. epidermidis is coagulase-negative and a common contaminant, C) S. pyogenes is catalase-negative, D) Enterococcus faecalis is not typically associated with wound infections.
A patient returning from Congo republic a week ago is with fever, headache vomiting and diarrhea, Three days after his admission to the infectious ward, despite antibiotic therapy, severe hemorrhagic syndrome developed and as well as CNS involvement, The diagnosis is hemorrhagic fever. Which of these viruses can be a causative agent?
- A. SARS CoV
- B. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
- C. Ebola virus
- D. ECHO 9
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Ebola virus. The patient's symptoms align with Ebola virus infection, including fever, severe hemorrhagic syndrome, and CNS involvement. Ebola virus is known to cause hemorrhagic fevers with high mortality rates.
A: SARS CoV causes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, which typically presents with respiratory symptoms, not hemorrhagic fever.
B: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus usually causes a mild illness with flu-like symptoms, not severe hemorrhagic syndrome.
D: ECHO 9 virus is associated with aseptic meningitis, not hemorrhagic fever.
Which bacteria are resistant to antibiotics and commonly found in hospitals?
- A. Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- B. Escherichia coli
- C. Salmonella enterica
- D. Vibrio cholerae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), because it is known to be resistant to many antibiotics commonly used in hospitals. MRSA poses a significant threat in healthcare settings due to its resistance, making it difficult to treat. Choice B, Escherichia coli, is not typically resistant to antibiotics. Choice C, Salmonella enterica, and Choice D, Vibrio cholerae, are not commonly associated with antibiotic resistance in hospitals. Therefore, A is the correct answer based on its well-documented antibiotic resistance in healthcare settings.