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After change-of-shift report, which patient should the nurse assess first?
- A. 72-year-old with cor pulmonale who has 4+ bilateral edema in his legs and feet
- B. 28-year-old with a history of a lung transplant and a temperature of 101 F (38.3 C)
- C. 40-year-old with a pleural effusion who is complaining of severe stabbing chest pain
- D. 64-year-old with lung cancer and tracheal deviation after subclavian catheter insertion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The patient with lung cancer and tracheal deviation after a subclavian catheter insertion should be assessed first. Tracheal deviation can indicate tension pneumothorax, a life-threatening condition that requires immediate intervention to prevent inadequate cardiac output or hypoxemia. While the other patients also need assessment, the potential for tension pneumothorax in the patient with tracheal deviation necessitates urgent attention to prevent complications.
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When examining an infant, which area should the nurse examine first?
- A. Ear
- B. Nose
- C. Throat
- D. Abdomen
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: When examining an infant, the nurse should start by examining the least-distressing areas first before moving on to more invasive areas. The abdomen is typically the least distressing area to examine, so it should be assessed first. Examining the eye, ear, nose, and throat are considered more invasive and should be saved for last. Therefore, the correct choice is to examine the abdomen first to ensure a comfortable and less distressing examination process for the infant. Choices A, B, and C (Ear, Nose, Throat) are more invasive areas and should be examined after the abdomen.
The nurse is preparing to assess a patient’s abdomen by palpation. How should the nurse proceed?
- A. Avoid palpating reportedly “tender†areas as this may cause pain.
- B. Palpate tender areas quickly to minimize patient discomfort.
- C. Initiate the assessment with deep palpation while encouraging the patient to relax and take deep breaths.
- D. Begin the assessment with light palpation to detect surface characteristics and to acclimate the patient to touch.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct approach is to begin the assessment with light palpation to detect surface characteristics and to acclimate the patient to touch. This allows the nurse to first assess surface features before proceeding to deeper palpation. Starting with light palpation also helps the patient become more comfortable with being touched, creating a smoother examination experience. Palpating tender areas quickly, as suggested in choice B, can increase patient discomfort. Deep palpation, as in choice C, is typically performed after light palpation to avoid discomfort and ensure proper assessment. Avoiding palpation of tender areas first, as in choice A, helps prevent causing unnecessary pain and should be done towards the end of the assessment.
A 2-year-old child has been brought to the clinic for a well-child checkup. What is the best way for
the nurse to begin the assessment?
- A. Ask the parent to place the child on the examining table.
- B. Have the parent remove all of the child's clothing before the examination.
- C. Allow the child to keep a security object such as a toy or blanket during the
examination. - D. Initially focus the interactions on the child, essentially ignoring the parent until the
child's trust has been obtained.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The best place to examine the toddler is on the parent's lap. Toddlers understand symbols; therefore,
a security object is helpful. Initially, the focus is more on the parent, which allows the child to adjust
gradually and to become familiar with you. A 2-year-old child does not like to take off his or her
clothes. Therefore, ask the parent to undress one body part at a time.
When percussing over the lungs of a 4-year-old child, the nurse hears bilateral loud, long, and low tones. How should the nurse proceed?
- A. Palpate over the area for increased pain and tenderness.
- B. Ask the child to take shallow breaths and percuss over the area again.
- C. Refer the child to a specialist because of an increased amount of air in the lungs.
- D. Consider this finding as normal for a child this age and proceed with the examination.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In pediatric patients, loud, long, and low tones heard when percussing over the lungs are normal findings. These percussion notes are characteristic of a child's lung due to its thin chest wall and increased air content. It is unnecessary to palpate for pain and tenderness, ask the child to take shallow breaths and repeat the percussion, or refer the child to a specialist. Therefore, the correct action is to consider these findings as normal for the child's age and continue with the examination.
The categories such as ethnicity, gender, and religion illustrate which concept?
- A. Family
- B. Cultures
- C. Spirituality
- D. Subcultures
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Within cultures, various groups of people share different beliefs, values, and attitudes due to factors such as ethnicity, religion, education, occupation, age, and gender. When these distinct groups coexist within a broader culture, they are referred to as subcultures. While ethnicity, gender, and religion are important components of individuals' identities, they do not represent the concepts of family, cultures, or spirituality. The correct answer is 'Subcultures' as these categories reflect differences within a larger cultural context, emphasizing the unique characteristics shared by members of subcultural groups.