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Agglutination reaction is one of the following
- A. Ascoli ring test
- B. Western blot
- C. ELISA
- D. Reaction type Gruber
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ascoli ring test. Agglutination reaction in the Ascoli ring test is characterized by the formation of a visible ring at the interface of antigen and antibody. This reaction specifically tests for the presence of specific antibodies against antigens in serum, indicating a recent or current infection. The other options, Western blot, ELISA, and Reaction type Gruber, do not involve the agglutination reaction. Western blot and ELISA are immunoassay techniques that detect specific antibodies or antigens, while Reaction type Gruber is not a recognized method in immunology. Therefore, the Ascoli ring test is the correct choice for a test involving agglutination reaction.
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In the micropreparation made from patient's regional lymph node punctate and stained according to Romanovsky-Giemsa method, the doctor found out thin microorganisms with 12-14 equal ringlets and pale- pink sharp pointes 10-13 mkm in length. The pathogen of what disease is it about?
- A. Leishmaniasis
- B. Leptospirosis
- C. Surra
- D. Relapsing fever
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The thin microorganisms described with 12-14 equal ringlets and pale-pink sharp points are characteristic of Borrelia spirochetes, the causative agent of relapsing fever. The ringlet appearance corresponds to the characteristic coiled structure of Borrelia spirochetes. The length of 10-13 mkm falls within the typical size range of Borrelia spirochetes. This pathogen is commonly identified in Romanovsky-Giemsa stained samples from patients with relapsing fever.
Summary of other choices:
A: Leishmaniasis - Leishmania parasites are larger and do not have the described ringlets or pale-pink sharp points.
B: Leptospirosis - Leptospira bacteria are not described as having ringlets or pale-pink sharp points.
C: Surra - Surra is caused by Trypanosoma evansi, and the description does not match the characteristics of this parasite.
Allergies to sea food, eggs, etc are an example of:
- A. Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
- B. Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction
- C. Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction
- D. Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. In this type of reaction, allergens trigger the production of IgE antibodies, leading to mast cell and basophil degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators like histamine. This causes immediate allergic symptoms. Seafood and eggs are common allergens that can elicit this response.
B: Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction involves antibodies targeting cell surface or extracellular matrix antigens, leading to cell destruction or dysfunction. This is not the mechanism in seafood or egg allergies.
C: Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction involves immune complex deposition in tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. This is not the mechanism in seafood or egg allergies.
D: Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction is cell-mediated and involves T cells causing inflammation and tissue damage. This is not the mechanism in seafood or egg allergies.
In serologic reactions used in virology, a diagnostic antibody response should be taken into account if:
- A. A threshold increase in the titer in the second serum sample is observed
- B. The increase of the titer has no diagnostic significance for viral infections
- C. Two fold increase in the titer in the second serum sample is observed
- D. A fourfold increase in the titer in the second serum sample is observed
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because a fourfold increase in titer in the second serum sample indicates a significant rise in specific antibodies, which is crucial for diagnosing viral infections accurately. This increase is considered significant in serologic reactions as it shows a strong antibody response to the virus.
A: A threshold increase may not be substantial enough to confirm a diagnostic antibody response.
B: Dismissing the increase in titer would overlook important diagnostic information.
C: A twofold increase may not be as indicative of a strong antibody response compared to a fourfold increase.
The symmetry of nucleocapsid of poxviruses is:
- A. Complex
- B. Isohedral
- C. Helical
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Complex. Poxviruses have a complex nucleocapsid symmetry due to their unique structure with multiple layers of proteins and genetic material. Isohedral symmetry (B) refers to a regular polyhedron shape, which is not characteristic of poxviruses. Helical symmetry (C) is found in viruses like tobacco mosaic virus, not poxviruses. "All of the above" (D) is incorrect because poxviruses do not exhibit isohedral or helical symmetry.
A man died from an acute infectious disease accompanied by fever, jaundice, haemorrhagic rash on the skin and mucous membranes as well as by acute renal insufficiency. Histological examination of renal tissue (stained by Romanovsky-Giemsa method) revealed some convoluted bacteria looking like C and S letters. What bacteria were revealed?
- A. Leptospira
- B. Treponema
- C. Spirilla
- D. Borrelia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Leptospira. The key features pointing to Leptospira are the presence of convoluted bacteria resembling C and S letters, which is characteristic of Leptospira species. Leptospirosis presents with fever, jaundice, haemorrhagic rash, and acute renal insufficiency. The other choices (B: Treponema, C: Spirilla, D: Borrelia) do not match the histological description or the clinical presentation of the case. Treponema is associated with syphilis, Spirilla with genus Spirochaeta, and Borrelia with Lyme disease, none of which match the given scenario.