Nokea
All of the following are associated with hyperuricemia except:
- A. Cardiovascular disease
- B. Gouty arthritis
- C. Nephrolithiasis
- D. Peripheral neuropathy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hyperuricemia is a medical condition characterized by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood. This can lead to the formation of urate crystals, which are responsible for various health problems. The three main conditions associated with hyperuricemia are cardiovascular disease (A), gouty arthritis (B), and nephrolithiasis (C).
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Thyrotoxicosis may be featured by all except:
- A. Myopathy
- B. Pretibial myxoedema
- C. Hypernatraemia
- D. Atrial fibrillation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Thyrotoxicosis, also known as hyperthyroidism, is a condition characterized by excessive thyroid hormone production by the thyroid gland. Symptoms of thyrotoxicosis can include weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, hyperactivity, and fatigue. While musculoskeletal symptoms such as weakness and tremors are common in thyrotoxicosis, true myopathy (muscle disease) is not a typical feature of the condition. Therefore, myopathy is the correct choice among the given options.
All of the following represent examples of hypothalamic-pituitary negative feedback except:
- A. Cortisol on the CRH-ACTH axis
- B. Gonadal steroids on the GnRH-LH/FSH axis
- C. IGF-1 on the growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)-GH axis
- D. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis does not involve the hypothalamus or pituitary gland; instead, it primarily involves the kidneys and the renin-secreting cells. In this axis, renin is released in response to low blood pressure, leading to the formation of angiotensin II and the subsequent release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands. Feedback mechanisms for this axis primarily involve the regulation of renin release based on blood pressure rather than involving direct negative feedback from downstream hormones on the hypothalamus or pituitary gland. On the other hand, choices A, B, and C all involve classic examples of hypothalamic-pituitary negative feedback loops where the end hormone suppresses the release of the stimulating hormones at the hypothalamic and pituitary levels.
Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin) are:
- A. complex steroids.
- B. synthesized and stored in the posterior pituitary.
- C. released from the anterior pituitary where blood is hypotonic.
- D. synthesized in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin) are both synthesized in the hypothalamus, specifically in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. After synthesis, they are transported along axons to the posterior pituitary where they are stored until they are released into the bloodstream when needed. This is why they are released from the posterior pituitary, not the anterior pituitary. These hormones have different functions in the body, with oxytocin being involved in labor and breastfeeding, while ADH plays a role in regulating water balance and blood pressure.
All of the following are potential signs or symptoms of growth hormone deficiency except:
- A. Abnormal lipid profile
- B. Atherosclerosis
- C. Increased bone mineral density
- D. Left ventricular dysfunction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is commonly associated with decreased bone mineral density, leading to an increased risk of fractures and osteoporosis. Therefore, increased bone mineral density would not typically be a sign or symptom of GHD. On the other hand, abnormal lipid profile, atherosclerosis, and left ventricular dysfunction are all potential signs or symptoms of GHD. Abnormal lipid profile can manifest as increased levels of LDL cholesterol and decreased levels of HDL cholesterol. Atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque in the arteries, can occur in individuals with GHD due to the impact on lipid metabolism. Left ventricular dysfunction may also be seen in individuals with GHD due to the role of growth hormone in cardiac function and structure.
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
- A. Thyroiditis
- B. Toxic thyroid adenoma
- C. Toxic multinodular goitre
- D. Grave's disease
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Grave's disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It is an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to overproduction of thyroid hormones. This results in symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, heat intolerance, and tremors. While toxic thyroid adenoma, toxic multinodular goitre, and thyroiditis are also potential causes of hyperthyroidism, Grave's disease is the most prevalent among them.