Nokea
All of the following are useful indicators regarding the severity of Tetralogy of Fallot
- A. Systemic arterial oxygen saturation
- B. Intensity of outflow murmur
- C. Functional class
- D. Right ventricular outflow gradient by echocardiography
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The intensity of the outflow murmur is not a reliable indicator of the severity of Tetralogy of Fallot.
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Regarding cafe-au-lait spots:
- A. They can be normal findings
- B. They are found in tuberous sclerosis
- C. When present in a child, > 4 spots each > 0.5 cm, is diagnostic of neurofibromatosis type II
- D. Typical appearance in neurofibromatosis is of a smooth border
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cafe-au-lait spots can be a normal variant and do not always indicate an underlying pathology.
The main risk factor for developing deep vein thrombosis is:
- A. Prolonged immobility
- B. Age
- C. Obesity
- D. Family history
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Prolonged immobility, such as during long flights or post-surgery, is a significant risk factor for developing deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
The following factors trigger renin secretion:
- A. Hyponatremia
- B. ACTH
- C. Hypovolemia
- D. ADH
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hypovolemia: Renin is secreted by the kidneys in response to low blood volume (hypovolemia), initiating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to conserve sodium and increase blood pressure.
Sequelae of a complete posterior cord section between C3 and T1 include:
- A. Muscle fasciculation
- B. Loss of sensation below the lesion
- C. Loss of deep tendon reflexes
- D. Athetoid movements
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A complete posterior cord section results in loss of sensation below the lesion due to damage to the sensory pathways. Motor functions may remain intact as the anterior cord is unaffected.
The following statements are true:
- A. Unexplained vaginal discharge in a 3-year-old might be a sign of sexual abuse
- B. Spiral fracture of femur is always non-accidental
- C. Retinal bleeding in a 3-month-old unconscious baby is a sign of 'shaken baby' syndrome
- D. Bruises on the elbows and knees in a 4-year-old are suggestive of physical abuse
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Retinal bleeding in a 3-month-old unconscious baby is a sign of 'shaken baby' syndrome: Retinal bleeding in infants, especially with other signs of physical abuse, is a key indicator of 'shaken baby' syndrome.