Nokea
All the following adverse effects can be produced by beta-blockers EXCEPT:
- A. Hypotension
- B. Cold extremities
- C. Tachycardia
- D. Bronchospasm especially in asthmatic patients
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Beta-blockers cause hypotension (A), cold extremities (B), and bronchospasm (D), but reduce heart rate, not cause tachycardia (C).
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A 62-year-old man with a history of myocardial infarction and angina has a prescription for sublingual nitroglycerine but has not taken it. He now complains of erectile dysfunction and is given a prescription for sildenafil 50 mg. He is warned by his physician not to take sildenafil and nitroglycerine because of which of the following possible reactions?
- A. Hypotension
- B. Myocardial infarction
- C. Retinitis pigmentosa
- D. Tinnitus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sildenafil and nitroglycerin both enhance vasodilation (via cGMP and NO), risking severe hypotension if combined.
In contrast to benzodiazepines,buspirone:
- A. Interact directly with gabaergic system
- B. Has more marked hypnotic anticonvulsant or muscle relaxant properties
- C. Causes less psychomotor impairment and does not affect driving skills
- D. Has maximal abuse liability
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for correct answer (C):
1. Buspirone is a serotonin receptor agonist and does not directly interact with the GABAergic system.
2. Buspirone is not associated with marked hypnotic, anticonvulsant, or muscle relaxant properties.
3. Studies show that buspirone causes less psychomotor impairment and does not affect driving skills.
4. Therefore, choice C is correct as it accurately contrasts buspirone from benzodiazepines.
Summary of incorrect choices:
A. Benzodiazepines interact with the GABAergic system, not buspirone.
B. Benzodiazepines have hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties, not buspirone.
D. Buspirone has minimal abuse liability compared to benzodiazepines, which have high abuse potential.
Tick the drugs for the treatment of an intestinal form of amebiasis:
- A. Metronidazole and diloxanide
- B. Diloxanide and streptomycin
- C. Diloxanide and Iodoquinol
- D. Emetine and metronidazole
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Metronidazole and diloxanide. Metronidazole is effective against the invasive form of Entamoeba histolytica, the parasite causing amebiasis. Diloxanide is used to eliminate the non-invasive cyst form of the parasite in the intestine. Streptomycin (choice B) is not effective against amebiasis. Iodoquinol (choice C) is used for non-invasive amebiasis but not the intestinal form. Emetine (choice D) is reserved for extraintestinal disease and is not commonly used due to its toxicity.
Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones (and their synthetic analogs) have pharmacologic applications in three areas EXCEPT the following:
- A. As replacement therapy for hormone deficiency states
- B. As drug therapy for a variety of disorders using pharmacologic doses to elicit a hormonal effect that is not present at physiologic a blood levels
- C. As a diagnostic tool for performing stimulation tests to diagnose hypo- or hyperfunctional endocrine states
- D. As food supplements
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: As food supplements. Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones are not used as food supplements because they are potent molecules with specific regulatory functions in the body.
Step 1: Replacement therapy (Choice A) involves providing hormones to individuals with hormone deficiency states to restore normal physiologic levels. This is a common pharmacologic application of these hormones.
Step 2: Drug therapy (Choice B) involves using synthetic analogs of these hormones at pharmacologic doses to treat various disorders by eliciting specific hormonal effects that may not occur at physiologic levels.
Step 3: Diagnostic tool (Choice C) involves using these hormones in stimulation tests to assess the functioning of the endocrine system by observing the response to hormonal stimulation.
In summary, choices A, B, and C all represent valid pharmacologic applications of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, while choice D (food supplements) is the exception as these hormones are not meant to be consumed as dietary
A medical student is involved in a summer research project involving the administration of subtherapeutic doses of morphine to rats. Cardiovascular effects and parameters are determined approximately 30 min after administration. Which of the following effects is likely?
- A. Bradycardia
- B. Hypertension
- C. Hypotension
- D. No change in heart rate
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Morphine causes histamine release and vagal stimulation, leading to bradycardia at subtherapeutic doses.