Nokea
All the following are causes of chronic pulmonary venous hypertension EXCEPT
- A. congenital mitral stenosis
- B. total anomalous pulmonary venous return with obstruction
- C. peripheral pulmonary stenosis
- D. cor triatriatum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Peripheral pulmonary stenosis does not directly cause chronic pulmonary venous hypertension.
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The healthcare provider prescribes an IV solution of regular insulin (Hummulin-R) 100 units in 250 ml of 0.45% saline to infuse at 12 units/hour. The nurse should program the infusion pump to deliver how many ml/hour?
- A. 30
- B. 3
- C. 40
- D. 15
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: To calculate the infusion rate in ml/hour, the nurse needs to divide the prescribed units per hour by the concentration of insulin. 12 units/hour ÷ (100 units/250 ml) = 30 ml/hour.
Hemolytic anaemia is characterised by:
- A. Increased haptoglobin
- B. Haemosiderinuria
- C. Polychromasia
- D. Megaloblastic bone marrow
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Haemosiderinuria: Hemolytic anaemia often leads to the release of heme, which is broken down into hemosiderin, leading to haemosiderinuria (presence of hemosiderin in urine).
Pulsus paradoxus is associated with
- A. pericarditis
- B. endocarditis
- C. rheumatic fever
- D. myocarditis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pulsus paradoxus is commonly associated with pericardial diseases such as constrictive pericarditis.
Proximal renal tubular functions include:
- A. HCO3 secretion
- B. Sodium reabsorption
- C. Ammonia production
- D. Urine concentration
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Sodium reabsorption
Four-hour old term baby with no prenatal care has features of Trisomy 21. ECG shows left axis deviation
What are the FOUR mechanisms for LV outflow tract obstruction in AVSD?
- A. Gooseneck
- B. Subaortic fibromuscular ridge
- C. Septal hypertrophy
- D. Abnormal LAVV chordal attachments
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The subaortic fibromuscular ridge is a common cause of LV outflow tract obstruction in AVSD, affecting the smooth flow of blood.