Nokea
An 11-month-old girl infant is found to have low weight and height consistent with FTT. She was exclusively breast feeding till the age of 4 month, and then artificial milk-formula was added. She has had a normal growth pattern till the age of 6 month when the mother introduced juices and cereals. Examination is unremarkable apart from significant decline of normal growth pattern. Of the following, the MOST likely cause is
- A. failed breast feeding
- B. improper formula preparation
- C. congenital syndromes
- D. congenital infections
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Improper formula preparation can lead to inadequate nutrition, causing FTT. This scenario suggests a dietary issue rather than congenital or infectious causes.
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A client has an abnormal result on a Papanicolaou test. After admitting that she read her chart while the nurse was out of the room, the client asks what dysplasia means. Which definition should the nurse provide?
- A. Presence of completely undifferentiated tumor cells that don't resemble cells of the tissues of their origin
- B. Increase in the number of normal cells in a normal arrangement in a tissue or an organ
- C. Replacement of one type of fully differentiated cell by another in tissues where the second type normally isn't found
- D. Alteration in the size, shape, and organization of differentiated cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Dysplasia refers to an alteration in the size, shape, and organization of differentiated cells. It indicates abnormal changes in the cells that can be a precursor to cancer. In the context of a Papanicolaou test, the presence of dysplasia may suggest abnormal cell growth in the cervix, which can potentially develop into cervical cancer if left untreated. It is important for the client to follow up with healthcare providers for further evaluation and management if dysplasia is detected.
All the following are features of rapid eye movement (REM) EXCEPT
- A. polysomnography
- B. EEG
- C. fibro-optic nasopharngeal examination
- D. CT scan of head and neck
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: CT scan of head and neck is not a feature of REM sleep; it is an imaging study unrelated to the physiological characteristics of REM sleep.
The clue to need help by age of 24 months, if the child
- A. speech is not understood by familiar listeners
- B. speech is not understood by unfamiliar listeners
- C. has not begun to ask questions (using where, what, why)
- D. is not using short sentences (e.g., 'Daddy went bye-bye')
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: By 24 months, children should begin using short sentences.
Which of the following may be the first abnormal sign detected in a client with cardiomyopathy?
- A. Ascites c.Chest pain
- B. Heart murmur
- C. Dyspnea
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Dyspnea, or difficulty breathing, may be the first abnormal sign detected in a client with cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle, which can lead to impaired heart function. As the heart's ability to pump blood effectively is compromised, the body may not receive an adequate supply of oxygen-rich blood. This can result in symptoms such as dyspnea, especially during physical exertion or when lying down. Ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen), chest pain, and heart murmur may also be seen in clients with cardiomyopathy but are not typically the first signs to present. Dyspnea is often a key indicator that should prompt further evaluation and monitoring for cardiac issues.
You are evaluating a 9-year-old boy child with ALL who recently develops relapse; an important statement that should be mentioned to his parents is
- A. testicular relapse occurs in the majority of boys with ALL
- B. such relapse occurs as painful swelling of one or both testes
- C. the diagnosis is confirmed by ultrasonography
- D. the majority of affected boys can be successfully retreated, and the survival rate is good
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Most boys with testicular relapse can be successfully treated, and their overall survival remains favorable.