Nokea
An 84-year-old male with prostatic hypertrophy is at increased risk of:
- A. Constipation
- B. Fecal incontinence
- C. Urinary tract infections
- D. Prostate cancer
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Urinary tract infections. Prostatic hypertrophy can cause obstruction of the urinary tract, leading to urinary retention and stasis, which increases the risk of urinary tract infections. Constipation (choice A) and fecal incontinence (choice B) are more related to issues with the gastrointestinal system rather than prostatic hypertrophy. Prostate cancer (choice D) is a separate condition that is not directly linked to prostatic hypertrophy. Therefore, the increased risk for an 84-year-old male with prostatic hypertrophy is urinary tract infections due to urinary obstruction.
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A patient presents with decreased hearing related to antibiotic use. Which class of antibiotics is this?
- A. Aminoglycosides
- B. Beta-lactams
- C. Cephalosporins
- D. Macrolides
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Aminoglycosides. Aminoglycosides can cause ototoxicity, resulting in decreased hearing. They are known to damage the sensory cells in the inner ear. Beta-lactams (B) and Cephalosporins (C) are not associated with hearing loss. Macrolides (D) can rarely cause hearing loss but are not as commonly linked to ototoxicity as aminoglycosides.
Which scientist is credited with the discovery of X-rays, and in what year did this discovery occur?
- A. Marie Curie in 1903
- B. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895
- C. Thomas Edison in 1896
- D. Albert Einstein in 1905
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895. Roentgen discovered X-rays by accident while experimenting with cathode rays. He noticed a glow from a nearby screen even though it was covered, leading to the discovery of X-rays. Marie Curie is known for her work on radioactivity, not X-rays. Thomas Edison is famous for inventing the light bulb and phonograph, not X-rays. Albert Einstein is known for his work on the theory of relativity, not the discovery of X-rays.
A 69-year-old female presents to your office for routine primary care. Her elder sister was recently diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, and she wonders what steps she can take to reduce her own risk of developing dementia. Which of the following statements is true about the prevention of dementia?
- A. There is moderate quality evidence to support daily use of vitamin B12 and fish oil to prevent cognitive decline.
- B. Risk of dementia is modulated by non-modifiable risk factors, such as genetics, family history, and educational attainment, and there are no behavioral interventions that can reduce the risk of dementia.
- C. There is moderate quality evidence to suggest control of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors, such as blood pressure, weight, and blood sugar, may reduce risk of dementia.
- D. There is moderate to low quality evidence supporting cannabinoids may reduce rates of progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: There is moderate quality evidence to suggest control of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors, such as blood pressure, weight, and blood sugar, may reduce the risk of dementia. This statement is true because studies have shown that managing cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors can help reduce the risk of developing dementia. High blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes have been linked to an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia. By controlling these risk factors through lifestyle changes or medication, individuals can potentially lower their risk of developing dementia.
Choice A is incorrect because while vitamin B12 and fish oil may have some benefits for cognitive health, the evidence supporting their use in preventing dementia is not strong.
Choice B is incorrect because while genetics and family history play a role in dementia risk, there are behavioral interventions, such as maintaining a healthy lifestyle and managing risk factors, that can help reduce the risk of dementia.
Choice D is incorrect because there is not enough strong evidence to support the claim that cannabinoids can reduce rates
Which is a true statement about varicose veins?
- A. They are due to congenital valve deformities
- B. They are usually diagnosed on clinical presentation
- C. They are not affected by pregnancy
- D. They are more symptomatic during ovulation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because varicose veins are usually diagnosed based on clinical presentation, such as visible, bulging veins and symptoms like pain or swelling. This is because varicose veins are often easily visible and cause noticeable symptoms.
A: Varicose veins are not typically due to congenital valve deformities but rather develop over time due to weakened vein walls and valves.
C: Varicose veins can be affected by pregnancy due to hormonal changes and increased pressure on the veins.
D: Varicose veins may not necessarily be more symptomatic during ovulation; symptoms can vary based on individual factors.
Mr. W. is a 51-year-old auto mechanic who comes to the emergency room wanting to be checked out for the symptom of chest pain. As you listen to him describe his symptom in more detail, you say "Go on," and later, "Mm-hmmm." This is an example of which of the following skilled interviewing techniques?
- A. Echoing
- B. Nonverbal communication
- C. Facilitation
- D. Empathic response
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Facilitation involves using verbal and nonverbal cues to encourage the patient to continue talking. In this scenario, saying "Go on" and "Mm-hmm" indicates active listening and prompts Mr. W. to elaborate on his symptoms. This technique helps gather more information and shows empathy without imposing personal assumptions or judgments. Echoing involves repeating the patient's last words, nonverbal communication refers to gestures and body language, and an empathic response involves acknowledging and validating the patient's feelings. In this case, the best fit is facilitation as it encourages further discussion without interrupting or steering the conversation.