Nokea
An adolescent asks the nurse what causes primary dysmenorrhea. The nurse's response should be based on which statement?
- A. It is an inherited problem.
- B. Excessive estrogen production causes uterine pain.
- C. There is no physiologic cause; it is a psychological reaction.
- D. There is a relation between prostaglandins and uterine contractility.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Primary dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation that occurs without any underlying gynecological conditions, such as endometriosis. The cause of primary dysmenorrhea is related to the release of prostaglandins during menstruation. Prostaglandins are lipid compounds that act as chemical messengers in the body, causing the uterus to contract and shed its lining during menstruation. High levels of prostaglandins can lead to increased uterine muscle contractions, resulting in pain. Therefore, the nurse should explain to the adolescent that there is a relation between prostaglandins and uterine contractility as the cause of primary dysmenorrhea.
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The nurse is explaining the action of insulin to a newly diagnosed diabetic client. During the teaching, the nurse reviews the process of insulin secretion in the body. The nurse is correct when stating that insulin is secreted from the:
- A. adenohypohysis.
- B. alpha cells of the pancreas.
- C. beta cells of the pancreas.
- D. parafollicular cells of the thyroid.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Insulin is secreted from the beta cells of the pancreas. These specialized cells are located in the islets of Langerhans within the pancreas. When blood glucose levels rise after eating, beta cells release insulin into the bloodstream to help regulate glucose levels by allowing cells to take in glucose for energy or storage. Insulin also helps lower blood sugar by promoting the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and muscles. Therefore, the nurse is correct in stating that insulin is secreted from the beta cells of the pancreas.
A 39-year old male client underwent Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) eight hours ago and asks the nurse, "Why is my urine in the bag clotting like blood?" The nurse's best interpretation of this finding is that:
- A. after the surgery, bleeding is normal
- B. it is common for blood clots to be irrigated from the bladder for a day or so
- C. the physician needs to be called as the patient is bleeding
- D. the client is tugging on the catheter causing irritation to the bladder mucosa
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: After undergoing Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP), it is normal for a client's urine to contain blood and form clots initially. This is because the surgery involves removing prostate tissue, which can lead to bleeding. The presence of blood clots in the urine collection bag is expected within the first 24 hours post-op. It is necessary to monitor for excessive bleeding or signs of a clot blocking the catheter, but seeing blood clots is not alarming in the immediate post-operative period.
The nurse recognizes that the major early problem for Mr. Gabatan will be:
- A. Bladder control
- B. Quadriceps setting
- C. Client education
- D. Use of aids for ambulation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The major early problem for Mr. Gabatan will likely be quadriceps setting. Quadriceps setting exercises are important for preventing muscle weakness and atrophy, especially after surgery or prolonged immobility. Strengthening the quadriceps muscles is essential for maintaining proper knee function, stability, and overall mobility. It is a crucial aspect of early rehabilitation and recovery for patients, particularly after orthopedic procedures such as joint replacements or fractures. Maintaining and improving quadriceps strength will also play a significant role in promoting Mr. Gabatan's independence and mobility during his recovery process.
Immunization of children with Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine decreases the incidence of which of the following conditions?
- A. Bronchiolitis
- B. Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)
- C. Epiglottitis
- D. Pneumonia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Immunization of children with Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine decreases the incidence of severe infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B bacteria, including epiglottitis. Epiglottitis is a serious condition where the epiglottis, a flap of tissue that sits at the base of the tongue, becomes inflamed and can swell, potentially blocking the airway and leading to respiratory distress and even death. By vaccinating children against Hib, the risk of developing epiglottitis is significantly reduced. The Hib vaccine is a crucial component of childhood immunization programs to prevent life-threatening diseases caused by Hib bacteria, including epiglottitis.
The nurse is careful to place the incubator away from cold windows or air-conditioning units. This is to conserve the newborn's body heat by preventing heat loss through:
- A. radiation.
- B. conduction.
- C. convection.
- D. evaporation.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Placing the incubator away from cold windows or air-conditioning units helps prevent heat loss through radiation. Radiation is the transfer of heat in the form of electromagnetic waves, such as infrared radiation, from a warmer object to a cooler one without direct contact. In this case, the newborn's body heat could be lost to the colder objects (windows or air-conditioning units) through radiation if they were in close proximity. By placing the incubator away from these cold surfaces, the nurse can minimize the heat loss through radiation and help conserve the newborn's body heat.