Nokea
An enzyme process of producing two identical copies of DNA from one original DNA molecule is called:
- A. Translation
- B. Transcription
- C. Replication
- D. Cell division
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Replication. In DNA replication, the original DNA molecule is unwound and each strand serves as a template to synthesize a new complementary strand. This results in two identical copies of the original DNA molecule. Translation (A) is the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA. Transcription (B) is the process of synthesizing mRNA from DNA. Cell division (D) is the process of a cell dividing into two daughter cells, not specifically producing identical DNA copies. Therefore, replication is the correct answer as it specifically refers to the process of copying DNA to produce two identical copies.
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For serological diagnostics of the whooping cough it was made large-scale reaction with parapertussis and pertussis diagnosticums. At the bottom of the test-tubes with diagnosticum of Bordetella parapertussis grain-like sediment formed. What antibodies have this reaction revealed?
- A. Bacteriolysins
- B. Precipitins
- C. Antitoxins
- D. Opsonins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale:
1. The grain-like sediment indicates a precipitation reaction.
2. Precipitins are antibodies that cause precipitation reactions.
3. In serological diagnostics, precipitation reactions are used to detect specific antibodies.
4. Therefore, the reaction revealed in this scenario is due to the presence of precipitins.
Summary:
A: Bacteriolysins - These antibodies cause bacterial lysis, not precipitation.
C: Antitoxins - These antibodies neutralize toxins, not involved in precipitation reactions.
D: Opsonins - These antibodies enhance phagocytosis, not related to precipitation reactions.
Family Retroviriade:
- A. Their capsid consists of two copies of ssRNA(-)
- B. Are with complex type of symmetry
- C. Are helical, enveloped viruses
- D. Are helical, non-enveloped viruses
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Family Retroviridae is known for having a single-stranded RNA genome.
2. The (-) sign indicates that the RNA strand is negative-sense.
3. Therefore, the correct answer A, "Their capsid consists of two copies of ssRNA(-)," is accurate.
Summary:
- Choice B is incorrect because Retroviridae have simple type of symmetry.
- Choice C is incorrect as Retroviridae are not enveloped viruses.
- Choice D is incorrect because Retroviridae are enveloped viruses.
When microorganisms enter the circulatory system through the lymphatic drainage and cause an infection, the condition is called:
- A. bacteremia
- B. septicemia
- C. microbemia
- D. viremia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: microbemia. When microorganisms enter the circulatory system via the lymphatic drainage, the condition is specifically termed microbemia. This term focuses on the presence of microorganisms in the bloodstream.
Rationale:
1. Bacteremia (choice A) refers to the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream, not specifically microorganisms as a whole.
2. Septicemia (choice B) is a severe infection causing systemic inflammation due to the presence of pathogens or their toxins in the blood, not limited to microorganisms entering via lymphatic drainage.
3. Viremia (choice D) is the presence of viruses in the bloodstream, not a term used for microorganisms entering through the lymphatic drainage.
In summary, the term microbemia accurately describes the scenario of microorganisms entering the circulatory system through lymphatic drainage, making it the correct choice over the other options.
Planned mass vaccination of all newborn 5-7 day old children against tuberulosis plays an important role in tuberculosis prevention. In this case the following vaccine is applied:
- A. BCG
- B. Diphteria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine
- C. Diphtheria and tetanus anatoxin vaccine
- D. Adsorbed diphtheria vaccine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guerin). BCG is the vaccine used for tuberculosis prevention, not only for newborns but also for older children and adults. BCG helps in protecting against severe forms of tuberculosis in infants. Diphteria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (choice B) is for protection against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, not tuberculosis. Diphtheria and tetanus anatoxin vaccine (choice C) provides protection against diphtheria and tetanus, not tuberculosis. Adsorbed diphtheria vaccine (choice D) is specifically for diphtheria, not tuberculosis. Therefore, the correct choice is A as it is the only vaccine related to tuberculosis prevention.
Which of the following pathogenic mechanisms are not typical for autoimmune reactions?
- A. Decreased functional activity of T-suppressors
- B. Loss of tolerance for T-helpers and B-lymphocytes
- C. Ag released by normally isolated tissues
- D. Formation of CD4+ cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Formation of CD4+ cells. In autoimmune reactions, CD4+ cells are actually involved in the immune response. Here's the rationale:
1. CD4+ cells are helper T cells that play a crucial role in activating other immune cells in autoimmune reactions.
2. Decreased functional activity of T-suppressors (Choice A) is typical in autoimmune reactions as it leads to unchecked immune responses.
3. Loss of tolerance for T-helpers and B-lymphocytes (Choice B) is common in autoimmune reactions, where the immune system mistakenly attacks self-cells.
4. Ag released by normally isolated tissues (Choice C) is a typical mechanism in autoimmune reactions where self-antigens trigger immune responses.