Nokea
An increase in PaCO2 leads to:
- A. hypertension
- B. increased adrenaline release
- C. increased sweating
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Increased PaCO2 (hypercapnia) causes hypertension, adrenaline release, and sweating due to activation of the sympathetic nervous system. These responses aim to restore normal CO2 levels.
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In evolutionary terms, which is the oldest part of the brain?
- A. the limbic system
- B. the cortex
- C. the right hemisphere
- D. the brain stem
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The brainstem is the oldest part of the brain in evolutionary terms, as it is responsible for basic life-sustaining functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It includes structures like the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. The brainstem has been conserved throughout evolution and is present in all vertebrates, making it a fundamental component of the central nervous system. In contrast, the cortex and limbic system evolved later and are more developed in higher mammals.
In a patient with a stable vertebral fracture, what should the nurse teach the patient to do?
- A. Remain on bed rest until the pain is gone.
- B. Logroll to keep the spine straight when turning.
- C. How to use bone cement to correct the problem.
- D. Take as much analgesic as needed to relieve the pain.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Logrolling minimizes further injury to the spine.
A patient diagnosed with a somatic symptom disorder has the nursing diagnosis: Interrupted family processes, related to patient's disabling symptoms as evidenced by the spouse and children assuming roles and tasks that previously belonged to patient. An appropriate outcome is that the patient will:
- A. assume roles and functions of the other family members.
- B. demonstrate a resumption of former roles and tasks.
- C. focus energy on problems occurring in the family.
- D. rely on family members to meet his or her personal needs.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: demonstrate a resumption of former roles and tasks. This outcome implies that the patient will regain the ability to fulfill their own roles and tasks within the family, indicating improvement in the interrupted family processes. This aligns with the goal of promoting the patient's independence and reducing the burden on other family members.
Choice A is incorrect because having the patient assume roles and functions of other family members does not address the underlying issue of the patient's somatic symptom disorder and may lead to further dysfunction within the family.
Choice C is incorrect as it suggests the patient should focus on problems in the family, which may not directly address the interrupted family processes related to the patient's symptoms.
Choice D is incorrect as it promotes dependency on family members to meet the patient's personal needs, which does not encourage the patient to regain their former roles and tasks within the family.
When obtaining information about the patient's use of medications, the nurse recognizes that both bone and muscle function may be impaired when the patient reports taking what type of drug?
- A. Corticosteroids
- B. Oral hypoglycemic agents
- C. Potassium-depleting diuretics
- D. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Corticosteroids weaken bones and muscles.
How do neurons communicate with one another?
- A. Electrically
- B. Chemically
- C. Through weak, radio-wave-like impulses
- D. A and B
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Neurons communicate both electrically and chemically. Electrical signals travel along the neuron's axon, while chemical signals (neurotransmitters) are released at synapses to transmit information to the next neuron. Radio-wave-like impulses are not involved in neural communication. This dual mechanism ensures efficient and precise transmission of information.