Nokea
As an example of specific human parasites one can name Plasmodium falciparum, human pinworm and some others. The source of parasite invasion is always a human. Such specific human parasites cause the diseases that are called:
- A. Anthroponoses
- B. Zoonoses
- C. Anthropozoonoses
- D. Infections
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Anthroponoses. This term refers to diseases caused by specific human parasites that are transmitted directly from human to human. In this case, the source of parasite invasion is always a human host. This term specifically describes diseases caused by parasites that exclusively infect humans.
Choice B: Zoonoses refers to diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Choice C: Anthropozoonoses is a combination of zoonoses and anthroponoses, which is not applicable in this scenario. Choice D: Infections is a general term that does not specify the source or type of parasite causing the disease.
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Young man is hospitalized in pulmonology with complaints of dry cough, fatigue and suffocations. The anamnesis and the lab tests lead to pneumocystis pneumonia. The CD4+ cells are less than 200/mm3. What test you will order:
- A. For ureaplasma urealyticum
- B. For HIV
- C. For Treponema pallidum
- D. For Neisseria gonorrhoea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: For HIV. Pneumocystis pneumonia in a young man with CD4+ cells less than 200/mm3 is highly suggestive of HIV infection. HIV weakens the immune system, leading to opportunistic infections like pneumocystis pneumonia. Testing for HIV is crucial for diagnosis and appropriate management.
Explanation for other choices:
A: Testing for ureaplasma urealyticum is not indicated in this case as the symptoms and CD4+ cell count point towards an HIV-related infection.
C: Testing for Treponema pallidum (syphilis) is not relevant in the context of a young man with pneumocystis pneumonia and low CD4+ cell count.
D: Testing for Neisseria gonorrhoea is not appropriate in this scenario as the symptoms and CD4+ cell count suggest an underlying HIV infection rather than a bacterial sexually transmitted infection.
Which of the following does NOT refer to viruses
- A. cell-free infectious living systems
- B. obligate intracellular parasites
- C. they have either DNA or RNA as genetic material
- D. they are not sensitive to interferon
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because viruses are sensitive to interferon, a natural defense mechanism of the body against viral infections. Interferon helps to inhibit viral replication.
A: Viruses are cell-free infectious particles, not living systems.
B: Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites as they require host cells to replicate.
C: Viruses can have either DNA or RNA as genetic material, which is a characteristic feature.
Fungi are free-living _________ organisms:
- A. autotrophic
- B. chemotrophic
- C. heterotrophic
- D. phototrophic
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: heterotrophic. Fungi are heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by absorbing organic compounds from their environment. They do not produce their own food through photosynthesis (option A: autotrophic) or chemosynthesis (option B: chemotrophic). Fungi also do not rely on light for energy (option D: phototrophic). Therefore, the correct choice is C as it accurately describes the nutritional mode of fungi.
What is the best therapeutic plan for treating actinomycosis?
- A. Awaiting self-clearance
- B. Only antibiotic therapy
- C. Only surgical treatment
- D. Chemotherapy combined with surgical therapy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, chemotherapy combined with surgical therapy. Actinomycosis is a bacterial infection that requires a combination of antibiotics to target the bacteria and surgery to remove abscesses or infected tissues. Antibiotics alone may not penetrate abscesses effectively. Waiting for self-clearance can lead to complications. Surgical treatment alone may not eradicate the infection entirely. Therefore, the most effective therapeutic plan is to combine chemotherapy to treat the infection systemically and surgery to remove localized infections.
Gram-positive cocci arranged in chains were found in a wound smear. The bacteria were catalase-negative and beta-hemolytic on blood agar. What is the causative agent?
- A. Streptococcus pyogenes
- B. Staphylococcus aureus
- C. Enterococcus faecalis
- D. Micrococcus luteus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Streptococcus pyogenes. This bacterium fits all the given characteristics: Gram-positive cocci arranged in chains, catalase-negative, and beta-hemolytic on blood agar. Streptococcus pyogenes is known for causing skin and soft tissue infections. Staphylococcus aureus (B) is catalase-positive and typically forms clusters, not chains. Enterococcus faecalis (C) is catalase-negative but not beta-hemolytic. Micrococcus luteus (D) is catalase-positive and not typically associated with wound infections.