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As an individual, which of the following is an INTERNAL variable affecting health status, belief, or practices
- A. Genetics
- B. Family structure
- C. Socioeconomic status
- D. Living situation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct Answer: A - Genetics
Rationale:
1. Genetics refer to an individual's inherited traits which can influence health conditions and predispositions.
2. Genetic factors can impact an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases and conditions.
3. Health beliefs and practices may be influenced by knowledge of one's genetic predispositions.
4. Family structure, socioeconomic status, and living situation are external variables that may influence health but are not inherent to the individual like genetics.
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There is an outbreak of measles in some areas of the community where Nurse Rona is assigned. Which of the following-steps of an outbreak investigation should Nurse Rona and her team begin ?
- A. Identify and count cases.
- B. Define and identify cases.
- C. Verify diagnosis
- D. Prepare for field work.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Identify and count cases. In the initial stages of an outbreak investigation, it is crucial to identify and count cases to understand the scope and magnitude of the outbreak. By counting cases, Nurse Rona and her team can track the spread of the disease, identify common characteristics among those affected, and determine the extent of the outbreak. This step helps in guiding further investigation and control measures.
Summary of other choices:
B: Define and identify cases - While defining cases is important, it is not the initial step in outbreak investigation.
C: Verify diagnosis - Verifying diagnosis is important but comes after identifying and counting cases.
D: Prepare for field work - Field work is important in outbreak investigations, but it typically comes after the initial step of identifying and counting cases.
While patient Sarah is confined in the hospital, the safety measure to be observed by the nurses is prevention from fall. This is brought about by the patient being prone to fracture as a result of________.
- A. aging process
- B. osteoporosis
- C. change in vision
- D. hematologic condition
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weakened bones, making individuals more susceptible to fractures, especially with minor trauma or falls. In the context of a patient prone to fractures, nurses should be particularly cautious about fall prevention.
A: The aging process alone does not necessarily lead to an increased risk of fractures. While aging is a risk factor for osteoporosis, it is not the direct cause of fractures in this case.
C: Changes in vision can contribute to an increased risk of falls, but it is not the primary reason for the patient being prone to fractures in this scenario.
D: Hematologic conditions may affect bone health, but they are not typically the primary cause of increased fracture risk in patients.
Before admitting the client, you should FIRST make sure that:
- A. The consent for admission is signed by the client
- B. The consent for admission is signed by the wife and witnessed by the daughter
- C. The client can pay his hospital bills.
- D. The consent form is signed by the social worker.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because obtaining the client's own consent is the first step in ensuring the client's autonomy and right to make decisions about their own care. This is in line with ethical principles of informed consent. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because consent should come directly from the client, not from a spouse, family member, or social worker. Choice B violates the principle of individual autonomy, choice C is not the priority before admission, and choice D is not the appropriate person to provide consent.
Which of the following data sets can be analyzed on the ratio level of measurement?
- A. eye color
- B. pulse rates
- C. ethnicity
- D. gender
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: pulse rates. Pulse rates can be analyzed on the ratio level of measurement because they have a true zero point and allow for meaningful ratios to be calculated. This means that we can perform operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on pulse rate data. In contrast, the other options (A: eye color, C: ethnicity, D: gender) are categorical data that do not have a true zero point and therefore cannot be analyzed on the ratio level. Eye color, ethnicity, and gender are all examples of nominal data which only allow for qualitative classification and do not have a numerical value that can be used in mathematical operations.
In the presentation of results of qualitative research, the nurse researcher uses as a reference in the write-up the
- A. first
- B. fourth
- C. second
- D. third
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: second. In qualitative research, the nurse researcher typically uses the second person as a reference in the write-up to maintain objectivity and convey findings accurately. Using "first" may introduce bias, "fourth" is irrelevant, and "third" is too far removed from the perspective of the researcher. By referencing the second person, the researcher can present the results in a clear and unbiased manner, enhancing the credibility of the study.