Nokea
At a public health fair, a nurse discusses the dangers of sun exposure. Prolonged sun exposure has been blamed for which form of cancer?
- A. Malignant melanoma
- B. Basal cell epithelioma
- C. Squamous cell carcinoma
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Prolonged sun exposure is indeed a known risk factor for all three types of skin cancer listed in the choices. Malignant melanoma is a serious form of skin cancer that develops in the melanocytes, the cells that produce skin pigment. Basal cell epithelioma and squamous cell carcinoma are two other common types of skin cancer that are largely attributed to sun exposure. It is crucial to protect your skin from the harmful effects of the sun by applying sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and seeking shade when necessary to reduce the risk of developing skin cancer.
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A nurse is collecting subjective and objective information about target populations to diagnose problems based on community needs. This describes which step in the community nursing process?
- A. Planning
- B. Diagnosis
- C. Assessment
- D. Establishing objectives
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In the community nursing process, the step of collecting subjective and objective information about target populations to diagnose problems based on community needs is known as "Assessment." This step involves gathering data through observation, interviews, surveys, and other methods to understand the health status, priorities, assets, and resources of the community. This information is essential for identifying the health needs and issues within the community, which then informs the planning and implementation of appropriate interventions. Assessment helps nurses develop a comprehensive understanding of the community's strengths, challenges, and opportunities, enabling them to make informed decisions and tailor interventions to meet the specific needs of the target population.
A patient has cloudy penile discharge. For which additional symptoms of urethritis should the nurse assess?
- A. Throat or rectal infection
- B. Chancres or vesicles on the genitals
- C. Painful and frequent urination
- D. Oliguria and flank pain
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cloudy penile discharge is a common symptom of urethritis, which is inflammation of the urethra usually caused by an infection, such as a sexually transmitted infection (STI) like gonorrhea or chlamydia. Painful and frequent urination are also classic symptoms of urethritis. Painful urination, or dysuria, may occur due to the irritation and inflammation of the urethra. Frequency of urination can be a result of the body's response to the infection or inflammation. Therefore, assessing for these additional symptoms helps in confirming the diagnosis of urethritis and determining the appropriate treatment for the patient.
Alaric was diagnosed with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome; which of the following signs and symptoms are characteristics of the said disorder?
- A. Hypertension, edema, hematuria
- B. Hypertension, edema, proteinuria
- C. Gross hematuria, fever, proteinuria
- D. Poor appetite, edema, proteinuria
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Minimal-change nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by the presence of proteinuria, which is the excessive loss of protein in the urine. This leads to low levels of protein in the blood, causing edema (swelling) due to fluid accumulation in the tissues. In minimal-change nephrotic syndrome, hypertension (high blood pressure) is not a typical finding. Instead, patients often present with normal blood pressure levels. Additionally, hematuria (presence of blood in the urine) is not a common symptom of this disorder. Therefore, the key signs and symptoms characteristic of minimal-change nephrotic syndrome are edema, proteinuria, and the absence of hypertension.
Mr. and Mrs. Smith's child has hemophilia; which of the following actions would you instruct them to avoid?
- A. Immobilizing the joint
- B. Lowering the injured area
- C. Applying cold to the area
- D. Applying pressure
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hemophilia is a condition where the blood fails to clot properly. Applying cold to the area can cause vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) which may slow down the blood flow and exacerbate the bleeding in individuals with hemophilia. Therefore, instructing Mr. and Mrs. Smith to avoid applying cold to the area of injury is crucial in order to prevent further complications.
A patient is hemorrhaging from multiple trauma sites. The nurse expects that compensatory mechanisms associated with hypovolemia would cause all of the following symptoms except:
- A. Hypertension
- B. Tachycardia
- C. Oliguria
- D. Tachypnea
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In a patient experiencing hemorrhage from multiple trauma sites leading to hypovolemia, compensatory mechanisms typically include an increase in heart rate (tachycardia), a decrease in urine output (oliguria), and an increase in respiratory rate (tachypnea). These mechanisms are the body's way of trying to maintain vital organ perfusion in the setting of decreased blood volume. However, hypertension is not typically seen in the setting of hypovolemia. In fact, blood pressure tends to decrease as a result of reduced circulating volume.