Nokea
At birth, tunica intima of arterial wall contains all of the following, except
- A. Type IV collagen
- B. Laminin
- C. Endothelial cells
- D. Smooth muscle cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Smooth muscle cells are not typically found in the tunica intima at birth.
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Causes of a dilated renal pelvis in a foetal scan include:
- A. Normal variant
- B. Vesico-ureteric reflux
- C. Pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction
- D. Multicystic kidney
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A dilated renal pelvis can be a normal variant in a foetal scan, often resolving spontaneously without intervention.
Possible causes of isosexual precocious puberty in a 6-year-old girl are:
- A. McCune-Albright syndrome
- B. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
- C. Ovarian tumour
- D. Hypothalamic hamartomas
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hypothalamic hamartomas can cause precocious puberty by secreting gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) prematurely.
Hypothalamic nuclei are responsible for:
- A. Control of hunger
- B. Temperature control
- C. Maintaining osmolarity of extracellular fluid
- D. Secretion of thyrotrophin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The hypothalamus plays a key role in regulating hunger through various nuclei and hormonal signals.
Regarding iron deficiency anemia, which of the following is true?
- A. Ferritin levels are elevated
- B. Red blood cell count is usually normal
- C. Hemoglobin is usually decreased
- D. Serum iron levels are elevated
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In iron deficiency anemia, hemoglobin levels are usually decreased due to insufficient iron for red blood cell production.
Which of the following has the highest proportion of etiology of congenital malformations?
- A. Maternal infections
- B. Maternal illness
- C. Environmental agents
- D. Monogenic inheritance
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Monogenic inheritance accounts for the highest proportion of congenital malformations.