Nokea
At what pressure goal can we optimally slow CKD progression in diabetic nephropathy?
- A. Less than 125/70 mmHg
- B. Less than 125/80 mmHg
- C. Less than 130/80 mmHg
- D. Less than 135/80 mmHg
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Diabetic CKD <130/80 slows scarring best; tighter risks flow, looser misses. Nurses lock this chronic renal pace.
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Which statement is true regarding CT and LP in AIDS patients?
- A. they should all have a CT prior to LP
- B. if they have no focal neurology they do not need a CT
- C. if they have a GSC of 15 they do not need a CT
- D. all of the above are true
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: AIDS LP CT skips if no focal signs, full GCS, no fever push; all hold. Blanket CT's overkill nurses weigh risks, a chronic brain check dance dodging pressure flops.
People with obesity generally respond more strongly to food cues than non-obese people. Question: Which behavioural training is most indicated to reduce this mechanism?
- A. Cognitive modulation training
- B. Compulsivity training
- C. Extinction training
- D. None of the options above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Food cues overdrive extinction dims them, not cognitive tweaks or compulsion drills. Nurses train this, a chronic cue fade.
A 10-year-old boy is being prepared for a bone marrow transplant. The nurse can determine that the child understands this treatment when he says:
- A. I'll be much better after this blood goes to my bones.
- B. I won't feel too good until my body makes healthy cells.
- C. This will help all of the medicine they give me to work better.
- D. You won't have to wear a mask and gown after my transplant.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A bone marrow transplant (BMT) replaces diseased marrow (e.g., in leukemia) with healthy stem cells, but recovery is slow new, functional blood cells take weeks to months to regenerate, during which the child may feel unwell due to immunosuppression and engraftment challenges. The statement I won't feel too good until my body makes healthy cells' shows the boy grasps this delay, reflecting realistic understanding critical for coping and consent in pediatric care. Feeling better immediately after infusion is inaccurate initial post-BMT phases often worsen symptoms. Enhancing medicine efficacy isn't the goal; BMT is the therapy. Masks and gowns persist post-transplant due to infection risk until immunity recovers. The nurse's validation of this insight ensures the child is prepared, aligning with oncology's focus on patient education and emotional support during complex treatments.
Cortical stimulation:
- A. Occurs before resection of a tumour.
- B. Localizes areas involved with hearing.
- C. Occurs by indirect application of electrodes.
- D. Allows identification of Wernicke's area, which is involved in the comprehension of language.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Cortical stimulation in awake craniotomy maps eloquent brain areas before tumor resection to avoid functional loss. It's performed pre-resection to define safe boundaries, localizing motor, sensory, and language areas, including hearing-related regions in the temporal lobe. Electrodes are applied directly to the cortex, not indirectly, for precision. Wernicke's area, in the dominant temporal lobe, is critical for language comprehension, and stimulation identifies it by eliciting speech errors (e.g., paraphasia). Seizures can occur, managed with cold saline irrigation, not warm. The ability to pinpoint Wernicke's area is pivotal, as its preservation ensures postoperative language function, balancing oncologic goals with quality of life in eloquent cortex surgeries.
A 66 year old man has recently been diagnosed with hypertension. He has no history of heart disease and diabetes mellitus. His average blood pressure is recorded as 154/82 mmHg. What is the MOST appropriate first line pharmacological therapy?
- A. Angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitors
- B. Angiotensin receptor blockers
- C. Thiazide diuretics
- D. Calcium channel blockers
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: New hypertension at 66, 154/82 no heart or sugar issues thiazide diuretics kick off gentle, effective control, especially in older adults. ACE inhibitors or ARBs fit if kidneys or diabetes pop up; calcium blockers work but aren't first; beta blockers lag unless heart history. Nurses lean on thiazides cheap, proven for this chronic pressure nudge, keeping it simple and safe.