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Barbiturate anticonvulsants are effective in treating all of these seizure types, except:
- A. partial seizures.
- B. febrile seizures.
- C. tonic-clonic seizures.
- D. absence seizures.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Barbiturate anticonvulsants are effective in treating partial seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, and febrile seizures. However, they are not considered first-line treatment for absence seizures. Absence seizures typically respond better to other anticonvulsant medications such as ethosuximide or valproic acid. Barbiturates have a sedative effect and can cause drowsiness or cognitive impairment, which may not be ideal for managing absence seizures where maintaining alertness and cognitive function is important.
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A client has been diagnosed with renal failure and is admitted for dialysis. Which of the ff is the nurse's responsibility as the client undergone dialysis?
- A. Keeping dialysis supplies in a clean area
- B. Inspecting the catheter insertion site for signs of infection
- C. Weighing the client before and after the procedure
- D. washing hands before and after handling the catheter
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The nurse's responsibility during dialysis includes weighing the client before and after the procedure. This is important to monitor the amount of fluid removed during dialysis and to ensure that the client's fluid balance is managed properly. It helps in determining the effectiveness of dialysis treatment in removing excess fluid from the body. Keeping the client's fluid balance in check is crucial in managing renal failure and preventing complications such as fluid overload. Therefore, monitoring the client's weight before and after dialysis is a key responsibility of the nurse in this situation.
Which combination of signs is commonly associated with glomerulonephritis?
- A. Mild proteinuria, hematuria, decreased urine output, and lethargy.
- B. Massive proteinuria, hematuria, increased output, and lethargy.
- C. Mild proteinuria, increased output, and lethargy.
- D. Massive proteinuria, decreased output, and hypotension.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Glomerulonephritis typically presents with mild to moderate proteinuria, hematuria, decreased urine output, and lethargy.
Newborns are highly susceptible to infection as a result of:
- A. excessive levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM).
- B. diminished nonspecific and specific immunity.
- C. increased humoral immunity.
- D. overwhelming anti-inflammatory response.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Newborns are highly susceptible to infection due to their diminished nonspecific and specific immunity. Nonspecific immunity includes physical barriers such as intact skin and mucous membranes, as well as components of the innate immune system like phagocytes and complement proteins. Specific immunity refers to the adaptive immune response involving B and T cells. In newborns, both these arms of the immune system are not fully developed or mature, leading to increased susceptibility to infections. Additionally, newborns have lower levels of immunoglobulins like IgA and IgM compared to adults, further contributing to their vulnerability to infections.
A college student goes to the college clinic and asks the best way to avoid contracting an STD. The nurse provides the clinic's standard STD teaching. Which statement by the student indicates the need for additional instruction?
- A. "There is no guarantee that I won't contract an STD if I choose to be sexually active."
- B. "Abstinence is the only sure way to avoid an STD."
- C. "If I use a condom with spermicide, I will be safer than if I don't use one."
- D. "If I question my partner about past sexual encounters, I can avoid STDs."
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The statement "If I question my partner about past sexual encounters, I can avoid STDs" indicates a need for additional instruction. While communication with a partner about sexual history is important, relying solely on questioning a partner is not a foolproof method of avoiding STDs. Some individuals may not disclose their complete sexual history or may be unaware that they have an STD. It is crucial to emphasize the importance of using protection such as condoms consistently and correctly, getting tested regularly, and practicing safe sex in general.
Which of the following types of cells is the immune system's shutoff mechanism?
- A. Plasma cells
- B. Suppressor T cells
- C. Helper T cells
- D. B lymphocytes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Suppressor T cells, also known as regulatory T cells, play a critical role in regulating the immune response by acting as the immune system's shutoff mechanism. These cells help maintain immune tolerance and prevent overactivation of the immune system, thereby preventing autoimmune reactions and excessive inflammation. Suppressor T cells exert their immunosuppressive effects by inhibiting the function of other immune cells, such as effector T cells and B cells, and helping to control the overall balance of the immune system.