Nokea
Barium enema is a drug used for :
- A. diagnosis;
- B. prevention;
- C. contraception;
- D. stimulation ;
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Barium enema is a diagnostic imaging test used to examine the large intestine (colon and rectum). It involves the administration of a contrast material containing barium into the colon through the rectum, followed by X-rays to produce clear images of the colon's lining. This procedure helps in the diagnosis of various conditions such as colon polyps, diverticulosis, colorectal cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, barium enema is primarily used for diagnostic purposes, not for prevention, contraception, stimulation, or treatment of conditions.
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A patient is receiving an IV infusion of a thrombolytic drug during treatment for an acute MI. The nurse notices that there is a slight amount of bleeding from the antecubital area where venous lab work was drawn. What will the nurse do first?
- A. Monitor the site for further bleeding.
- B. Apply pressure to the site with a gauze pa
- D. Slow the rate of infusion of the thrombolytic drug.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Applying pressure to the site with a gauze pad is the first action the nurse should take when noticing bleeding from the antecubital area. This will help control the bleeding and prevent further blood loss. Monitoring the site for further bleeding is important, but immediate intervention by applying pressure is necessary to address the issue. Slowing the rate of infusion of the thrombolytic drug or stopping the infusion should be considered if bleeding continues despite applying pressure or if there are signs of significant bleeding or hemorrhage.
An injection of penicillin into a penicillin-sensitized person may lead to death due to:
- A. absence of histamine
- B. a Shwartzman's reaction
- C. release of enzymes from polymorphonuclear leukocytes
- D. constriction of bronchioli and drop in blood pressure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A Shwartzman's reaction is a severe inflammatory response that occurs when a person who has previously been sensitized to penicillin is re-exposed to the drug. This exaggerated response can lead to widespread activation of inflammatory mediators and is characterized by endotoxin-induced intravascular coagulation. This can result in a cascade of events leading to tissue damage, organ failure, and potentially death. It is different from a typical allergic reaction mediated by histamine release or constriction of bronchioli and drop in blood pressure. Additionally, the release of enzymes from polymorphonuclear leukocytes is not directly related to the fatal outcome of a penicillin injection in a sensitized individual.
For the patient taking acetaminophen, what should the nurse do? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Monitor routine liver enzyme tests.
- B. Encourage the patient to check package labels of over-the-counter drugs to avoid overdosing.
- C. Report side effects immediately, as toxicity can cause severe hepatic damage.
- D. Teach the female patient that oral contraceptives can increase the effect of acetaminophen.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acetaminophen is metabolized in the liver, and excessive doses can lead to hepatotoxicity. Routine monitoring of liver enzymes is essential to detect early signs of liver damage. Patients should also be educated to check the acetaminophen content in over-the-counter medications to avoid accidental overdose. Reporting side effects promptly is crucial, as acetaminophen toxicity can cause severe and potentially fatal liver damage. While oral contraceptives can affect drug metabolism, they do not significantly increase the effects of acetaminophen. Therefore, the correct actions are to monitor liver enzymes, educate about over-the-counter medications, and report side effects.
A patient is experiencing mucositis (stomatitis) after receiving chemotherapy. Which symptomatic treatments will be appropriate? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Frequent mouth rinses
- B. Antiemetics
- C. Topical anesthetics
- D. Stress reduction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Mucositis, or stomatitis, is a painful inflammation of the mucous membranes caused by chemotherapy. Frequent mouth rinses with saline or baking soda solutions help keep the mouth clean and promote healing. Topical anesthetics, such as lidocaine, can provide pain relief. Stress reduction techniques, such as relaxation or mindfulness, may help manage the discomfort associated with mucositis. Antiemetics are used to control nausea and vomiting, which are not directly related to mucositis. Antibiotics are only necessary if there is a secondary infection, which is not mentioned in this scenario.
The patient accidentally takes too much of the prescribed warfarin (Coumadin) and is readmitted to the hospital with bleeding. Which drug can the nurse anticipates administrating?
- A. Protamine sulfate
- B. Alteplase (Activase, Cathflo Activas
- D. Reteplase (Retavas
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Warfarin, also known as Coumadin, is an anticoagulant medication that works by inhibiting the production of clotting factors in the liver, specifically factors II, VII, IX, and X. In the event of warfarin overdose, which can lead to excessive bleeding, the antidote is vitamin K. Vitamin K promotes the production of these clotting factors and helps reverse the effects of warfarin. Therefore, in this situation, the nurse can anticipate administering vitamin K to the patient to help stop the bleeding caused by the excess warfarin in the system.