Nokea
Chapter 2: Amphibians of Texas
F
A) Tree Frogs
B) __________
C) True Frogs
T
A) True Toads
B) Narrowmouth Toads
C) Burrowing Toads
S
Based on the pattern in the headings, which of the following is a reasonable heading to insert in the blank spot?
- A. Gray Tree Frog
- B. Tropical Frogs
- C. Newts
- D. Spadefoot Toads
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: By observing the headings provided in the extract, we can see that they are sorted alphabetically starting from 'Gray Tree Frog.' Following this alphabetical order, the next heading to be inserted in the blank spot would also come alphabetically next, which is 'Gray Tree Frog.' Choices B, C, and D do not follow the alphabetical pattern established by the existing headings and are therefore incorrect.
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The study showed that private tutoring is providing a significant advantage to those students who are able to afford it. Researchers looked at the grades of students who had received free tutoring through the school versus those whose parents had paid for private tutors. The study included 2,500 students in three high schools across four grade levels. The study found that private tutoring corresponded with a rise in grade point average (GPA) of 0.5 compared to students who used the school's free tutor service and 0.7 compared to students who used no tutoring. After reviewing the study, the board is recommending that the school restructure its free tutor service to provide a more equitable education for all students.
Which of the following would weaken the author's argument?
- A. a report revealing that the cited study was funded by a company that provides discounted tutoring through schools
- B. a study demonstrating differences in standardized test scores among students at schools in various neighborhoods
- C. a statement signed by local teachers affirming that they do not give preferential treatment in the classroom or during grading
- D. a study indicating that GPA has a weak correlation with success in college
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Choice A weakens the author's argument by highlighting a potential conflict of interest. If the cited study was funded by a company offering discounted tutoring, it could introduce bias and question the credibility of the study's findings. This revelation could cast doubt on the objectivity and reliability of the research, ultimately undermining the argument based on the cited study. Choices B, C, and D do not directly impact the credibility or objectivity of the cited study, so they would not significantly weaken the author's argument.
The study showed that private tutoring is providing a significant advantage to those students who are able to afford it. Researchers looked at the grades of students who had received free tutoring through the school versus those whose parents had paid for private tutors. The study included 2,500 students in three high schools across four grade levels. The study found that private tutoring corresponded with a rise in grade point average (GPA) of 0.5 compared to students who used the school's free tutor service and 0.7 compared to students who used no tutoring. After reviewing the study, the board is recommending that the school restructure its free tutor service to provide a more equitable education for all students.
Which type of evidence is used in the passage?
- A. emotional evidence
- B. appeal to authority
- C. specific evidence
- D. rhetorical questioning
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The passage uses specific evidence to support its claims. It presents factual information about the impact of private tutoring on students' grades, including a comparison of GPAs between students who had different types of tutoring. This specific evidence strengthens the argument by providing concrete data and examples. Emotional evidence, appeal to authority, and rhetorical questioning are not used in this passage, as it primarily relies on data and analysis to make its case.
Skin coloration and markings have an important role to play in the world of snakes. Those intricate diamonds, stripes, and swirls help the animals hide from predators, but perhaps most importantly (for us humans, anyway), the markings can also indicate whether the snake is venomous. While it might seem counterintuitive for a venomous snake to stand out in bright red or blue, that fancy costume tells any nearby predator that approaching him would be a bad idea.
If you see a flashy-looking snake in the woods, though, those markings don't necessarily mean it's venomous: some snakes have found a way to ward off predators without the actual venom. The scarlet kingsnake, for example, has very similar markings to the venomous coral snake with whom it frequently shares a habitat. However, the kingsnake is actually nonvenomous; it's merely pretending to be dangerous to eat. A predatory hawk or eagle, usually hunting from high in the sky, can't tell the difference between the two species, and so the kingsnake gets passed over and lives another day.
What is the purpose of the passage?
- A. to inform
- B. to entertain
- C. to describe
- D. to persuade
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The main purpose of this passage is to inform readers about the role of skin coloration and markings in snakes. It explains how these markings help snakes hide from predators and how they can also indicate venomousness. The passage also provides examples such as the scarlet kingsnake to illustrate how some nonvenomous snakes mimic the appearance of venomous snakes for protection. This informative content aims to educate readers about the survival strategies of snakes, rather than entertain, describe, or persuade them.
The greatest changes in sensory, motor, and perceptual development happen in the first two years of life. When babies are first born, most of their senses operate in a similar way to those of adults. For example, babies are able to hear before they are born; studies show that babies turn toward the sound of their mothers' voices just minutes after being born, indicating they recognize the mother's voice from their time in the womb.
The exception to this rule is vision. A baby's vision changes significantly in its first year of life; initially it has a range of vision of only 8 - 12 inches and no depth perception. As a result, infants rely primarily on hearing; vision does not become the dominant sense until around the age of 12 months. Babies also prefer faces to other objects. This preference, along with their limited vision range, means that their sight is initially focused on their caregiver.
Which of the following senses do babies primarily rely on during their early development?
- A. vision
- B. hearing
- C. touch
- D. smell
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Babies primarily rely on the sense of touch during their early development. Their sense of touch is one of the first senses to develop, allowing them to explore and understand the world around them. Touch helps babies bond with caregivers, provides comfort, and facilitates learning about different textures and sensations. While vision, hearing, and smell are also important, touch plays a crucial role in infants' early development and communication. The provided extract explains that babies initially rely on hearing and later on vision, with touch being essential for early bonding and exploration, making it the primary sense in infancy.
The social and political discourse of America continues to be permeated with idealism. An idealistic viewpoint asserts that the ideals of freedom, equality, justice, and human dignity are the truths that Americans must continue to aspire to. Idealists argue that truth is what should be, not necessarily what is. In general, they work to improve things and to make them as close to ideal as possible.
Which of the following best captures the author's purpose?
- A. to advocate for specific ideals and beliefs
- B. to discuss the role of skin coloration and markings in snakes
- C. to explain the influence of idealism on American social and political discourse
- D. to examine the impact of snake behavior on the ecosystem
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The author's main purpose in the passage is to explain the influence of idealism on American social and political discourse. The passage discusses how idealistic viewpoints shape the discourse in America, advocating for specific ideals and beliefs (A) rather than explaining the beliefs of an idealist (B) or examining the impact of snake behavior on the ecosystem (D).