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Because of proven beneficial effects on 'cardiac remodeling', these agents are now indicated as first line therapy in CHF patients. Which of the following is representative of this group of drugs?
- A. Hydrochlorothiazide
- B. Enalapril
- C. Furosemide
- D. Carvedilol
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Enalapril, an ACE inhibitor, reduces cardiac remodeling by decreasing afterload and preload, making it a first-line CHF therapy.
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An 18-year-old basketball player fell and twisted his ankle during a game. The nurse will expect to administer which type of analgesic?
- A. Synthetic opioid, such as meperidine (Demerol)
- B. Opium alkaloid, such as morphine sulfate
- C. Opioid antagonist, such as naloxone HCL (Narcan)
- D. Nonopioid analgesic, such as indomethacin (Indocin)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Nonopioid analgesic, such as indomethacin (Indocin). Given the ankle injury, nonopioid analgesics like indomethacin are appropriate for managing pain as they target inflammation and reduce pain without the risk of opioid-related side effects. Synthetic opioids (A) and opium alkaloids (B) are not typically indicated for mild to moderate pain like an ankle twist. Opioid antagonists (C) like naloxone are used to reverse opioid overdose, not for pain relief. In this case, the nonopioid analgesic is the most suitable choice for managing the player's pain effectively.
Which of the following statements refers to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol):
- A. The combined effect of calcitriol and all other vitamin D metabolites and analogs on both calcium and phosphate makes careful monitoring of the level of these minerals especially important to avoid ectopic calcification
- B. Does not undergo enterohepatic circulation
- C. Toxic to osteoclasts
- D. Bioavailability increases with the administered dose
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
A: Correct. Calcitriol regulates calcium and phosphate levels, leading to potential ectopic calcification. Monitoring is crucial.
B: Incorrect. Calcitriol does undergo enterohepatic circulation.
C: Incorrect. Calcitriol is not toxic to osteoclasts; it has a role in bone health.
D: Incorrect. Calcitriol has a complex relationship with bioavailability, affected by several factors.
The nurse administers a medication that potentiates the action of GAB Which effect would be expected?
- A. Reduced anxiety
- B. Enhanced memory
- C. Disorganized thinking
- D. Sensory perceptual alterations
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Reduced anxiety. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain that helps reduce neuronal excitability. By potentiating its action, the medication would enhance its calming effect, resulting in reduced anxiety. Choice B (Enhanced memory) is incorrect as GABA primarily affects anxiety and not memory. Choice C (Disorganized thinking) is incorrect as GABA's role is not related to cognitive processes. Choice D (Sensory perceptual alterations) is incorrect as GABA modulation does not typically lead to changes in sensory perception.
Safaa is a 65-year-old woman has been admitted to the emergency room with acute severe heart failure with pulmonary edema. Which one of the following is most useful?
- A. Digitoxin
- B. Furosemide
- C. Minoxidil
- D. Propranolol
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Furosemide, an IV loop diuretic, rapidly reduces preload in acute heart failure with pulmonary edema.
Parenteral administration:
- A. Cannot be used with unconsciousness patients
- B. Generally results in a less accurate dosage than oral administration
- C. Usually produces a more rapid response than oral administration
- D. Is too slow for emergency use
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Parenteral administration usually produces a more rapid response than oral administration because the medication bypasses the digestive system and is directly absorbed into the bloodstream. This route includes injections, intravenous infusions, and intramuscular injections, allowing for quicker onset of action. Option A is incorrect as parenteral administration can be used in unconscious patients. Option B is incorrect as parenteral administration can provide more accurate dosages. Option D is incorrect as parenteral administration is actually preferred in emergency situations due to its rapid effects.