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Beta-adrenergic agonists such as albuterol are given to Reggie, a child with asthma. Such drugs are administered primarily to do which of the following?
- A. Dilate the bronchioles
- B. Reduce secondary infections
- C. Decrease postnasal drip
- D. Reduce airway inflammation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Beta-adrenergic agonists like albuterol primarily work by relaxing and dilating the bronchioles, which are the smaller airways in the lungs. This leads to quick relief of asthma symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. By opening up the airways, these medications help improve airflow and make it easier for the individual to breathe. Beta-adrenergic agonists do not directly reduce airway inflammation, but they do provide immediate relief during an asthma attack by targeting bronchoconstriction.
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While assessing a newborn infant for developmental hip dysplasia (DDH), the nurse evaluates which of the following signs as indicating the presence of DDH?
- A. One knee is lower when both legs are flexed
- B. Thigh and gluteal skin folds are symmetrical
- C. Hip adduction of affected side is limited
- D. Negative Ortolani sign when hips are abducted
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In developmental hip dysplasia (DDH), one knee appearing lower than the other when both legs are flexed indicates a possible dislocated hip joint or hip dysplasia. This finding is known as the Galeazzi sign and is often used as a clinical indicator for DDH in newborn infants. It suggests a discrepancy in leg lengths due to hip instability or malformation. Therefore, this sign is important in helping to diagnose DDH and initiating appropriate interventions early on.
Which of the following are chemical markers that identity cells or molecules?
- A. Antibodies
- B. Antigens
- C. T cells B lymphocytes A1 PASSERS TRAINING, RESEARCH, REVIEW & DEVELOPMENT COMPANY MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING SET G
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that specifically recognize and bind to foreign molecules, such as antigens. They are chemical markers that facilitate the identification of cells or molecules by interacting with specific antigens. This interaction plays a crucial role in various immune responses, including immune surveillance, antigen recognition, and immune defense mechanisms. Antibodies are essential tools in biomedical research, diagnostics, and therapeutics for identifying and targeting specific cells or molecules.
In diagnosing seizure disorder, which of the following is the most beneficial? A.Skull radiographs
- A. EEG
- B. Brain scan
- C. Lumbar puncture
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In diagnosing seizure disorder, the most beneficial diagnostic test is an Electroencephalogram (EEG). An EEG is a non-invasive test that records electrical activity in the brain. It is crucial for detecting abnormal brain wave patterns associated with seizures. Skull radiographs, brain scans, and lumbar punctures are not typically used as primary tests for diagnosing seizure disorders. A brain scan may be helpful in identifying structural abnormalities that could be causing seizures, but an EEG is more specific for detecting abnormal electrical activity associated with seizures.
A seizure characterized by loss of consciousness and tonic spasms of the trunk and extremities rapidly followed by repetitive generalized clonic jerking is classified as:
- A. Focal seizure
- B. Jacksonian seizure
- C. Generalized seizure
- D. Partial seizure
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The description provided aligns with the characteristics of a generalized seizure. Generalized seizures involve abnormal electrical activity in the entire brain, leading to loss of consciousness and widespread motor symptoms, such as tonic (stiffening) and clonic (jerking) movements affecting both sides of the body. Examples of generalized seizures include tonic-clonic seizures (formerly known as grand mal seizures) where there is a sequence of tonic stiffness followed by clonic jerking. In contrast, focal (partial) seizures originate in a specific area of the brain and may result in localized symptoms before possibly spreading to involve both sides of the brain. Jacksonian seizures specifically refer to focal seizures with motor symptoms that spread in a stepwise fashion, starting from one part of the body.
Basic principles of healthy sleep hygiene include all the following EXCEPT
- A. set routine time
- B. avoid stimulating activities as playing computer games
- C. spends meal out of your bedroom
- D. gives a heavy meal every day
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Heavy meals before bedtime can disrupt sleep.