Nokea
Beta2 receptor stimulation includes all of the following effects EXCEPT:
- A. Stimulation of renin secretion
- B. Fall of potassium concentration in plasma
- C. Relaxation of bladder, uterus
- D. Tachycardia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Beta2 receptor stimulation primarily leads to vasodilation, bronchodilation, and relaxation of smooth muscles in non-cardiac tissues. It does not cause tachycardia, which is primarily mediated by Beta1 receptor stimulation. Therefore, option D is the correct answer. Option A is incorrect because Beta2 stimulation does not stimulate renin secretion. Option B is incorrect as Beta2 stimulation increases potassium concentration in plasma. Option C is incorrect as Beta2 stimulation causes relaxation of bladder and uterus muscles.
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Contraindications to the use of antimuscarinic drugs are all of the following except:
- A. Glaucoma
- B. Myasthenia
- C. Bronchial asthma
- D. Paralytic ileus and atony of the urinary bladder
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bronchial asthma. Antimuscarinic drugs can worsen bronchial asthma due to their potential to cause bronchoconstriction. Glaucoma (A), myasthenia (B), and paralytic ileus/urinary bladder atony (D) are contraindications for antimuscarinic drugs due to their exacerbation of symptoms in these conditions. Glaucoma can worsen due to increased intraocular pressure, myasthenia can lead to muscle weakness, and antimuscarinic drugs can further inhibit bowel and bladder function in paralytic ileus and urinary bladder atony.
Ant has just turned 18, is in his first year at uni, and has been taking advantage of the cheap alcohol available at the uni bar. As a result of this he has missed several classes, the deadlines on 5 assignments, and may fail some of his units. Which of the following DSM-IV diagnoses is most correct for him?
- A. Substance Abuse
- B. Substance Dependence
- C. both Substance Abuse and Substance Dependence
- D. Disorder? Yeah right! This is just a normal part of first year life. He hasn’t failed yet! He can pull his grades up, so he’ll be fine. Besides he isn’t worried and that’s what really matters.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Substance Abuse. Ant's behavior of missing classes, deadlines, and risking academic failure due to alcohol use aligns with the criteria for Substance Abuse in the DSM-IV. This diagnosis indicates a pattern of harmful use despite negative consequences. Substance Dependence (Choice B) would require more severe criteria like tolerance and withdrawal symptoms, which are not evident here. Choice C is incorrect as Substance Dependence is not met. Choice D is incorrect as it dismisses the seriousness of Ant's behavior and the potential impact on his academic success.
The early stage of cannabis intoxication is characterized by:
- A. Euphoria,uncontrolled laugher
- B. Alteration of time sense,depersonalization
- C. Sharpened vision
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the early stage of cannabis intoxication typically includes euphoria, uncontrolled laughter, alteration of time sense, depersonalization, and sharpened vision. Euphoria and uncontrolled laughter are common effects of cannabis, while alteration of time sense and depersonalization are also frequently reported. Sharpened vision may occur due to the impact of cannabis on sensory perception. Therefore, all of the above symptoms are characteristic of the early stage of cannabis intoxication. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not encompass the full range of symptoms commonly associated with cannabis intoxication.
A patient tells the nurse that he likes to eat large amounts of garlic “to help lower his cholesterol levels naturally.” The nurse reviews his medication history and notes that which drug has a potential interaction with the garlic?
- A. acetaminophen (Tylenol)
- B. warfarin (Coumadin)
- C. digoxin (Lanoxin)
- D. phenytoin (Dilantin)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: warfarin (Coumadin). Garlic can increase the risk of bleeding when taken with warfarin due to its anticoagulant properties. Garlic can enhance the effects of warfarin, leading to potentially dangerous bleeding episodes. Acetaminophen (A), digoxin (C), and phenytoin (D) do not have documented interactions with garlic that would pose a significant risk compared to warfarin. Therefore, choice B is the correct answer based on the potential for a clinically significant drug interaction.
Which of the following antiparkinsonian drugs has also been used to treat hyperprolactinemia?
- A. Benztropine
- B. Bromocriptine
- C. Amantadine
- D. Levodopa
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Bromocriptine. Bromocriptine is a dopamine agonist that can reduce prolactin levels by stimulating dopamine receptors in the pituitary gland. This makes it effective in treating hyperprolactinemia. Benztropine (A) is an anticholinergic used for Parkinson's symptoms, not hyperprolactinemia. Amantadine (C) is an antiviral and weak dopamine agonist primarily used for Parkinson's. Levodopa (D) is a precursor to dopamine and is used for Parkinson's symptoms but not hyperprolactinemia.