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Bile, a yellowish-green fluid, is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine during digestion. What is the primary function of bile in digestion?
- A. Break down carbohydrates
- B. Break down proteins
- C. Emulsify fats
- D. Neutralize stomach acid
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The primary function of bile in digestion is to emulsify fats. Bile contains bile salts that help break down large fat globules into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for enzymes to work on and aiding in the absorption of fats in the small intestine. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because bile's main role is not to break down carbohydrates or proteins, nor to neutralize stomach acid; rather, it primarily assists in the digestion and absorption of fats through emulsification.
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Which of the following vessels is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body?
- A. Right ventricle
- B. Left ventricle
- C. Pulmonary artery
- D. Aorta
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The aorta is the correct answer because it is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. The aorta is the main artery that carries blood away from the heart and distributes it to all parts of the body, providing oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery, the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta, and the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.
Which of the following describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein?
- A. Replication
- B. Transcription
- C. Translation
- D. Both transcription and translation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Both transcription and translation.' Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA through transcription and from RNA to protein through translation. Replication is the process of copying DNA to produce an identical DNA molecule. Choice A, 'Replication,' is incorrect because replication is not directly involved in the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein. Choice B, 'Transcription,' is incorrect as it represents the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template, which is the initial step in the flow of genetic information. Choice C, 'Translation,' is also incorrect as it refers to the process of translating the information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis, which is the second step in the flow of genetic information.
What property of a substance refers to its ability to be drawn into thin wires?
- A. Conductivity
- B. Ductility
- C. Viscosity
- D. Malleability
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ductility is the property of a substance that allows it to be drawn into thin wires without breaking. Conductivity refers to the ability of a substance to conduct electricity or heat, not to be drawn into wires. Viscosity is the measure of a fluid's resistance to flow, not related to the ability to be drawn into wires. Malleability is the property of a substance that allows it to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets, not specifically related to being drawn into wires. Therefore, the correct property for the ability to be drawn into thin wires is ductility.
What is the maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold after a full forced inhalation?
- A. Inspiratory capacity
- B. Tidal volume
- C. Total lung capacity
- D. Vital capacity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Total lung capacity is the correct term for the maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold after a full forced inhalation. It represents the sum of all lung volumes, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume. Inspiratory capacity refers to the maximum volume of air inspired from the end-expiratory level. Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal breathing. Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation, not the total volume the lungs can hold.
In nuclear physics, the term 'magic number' refers to specific numbers of protons or neutrons that contribute to:
- A. Increased nuclear instability
- B. Enhanced radioactive decay rates
- C. Exceptional stability of the nucleus
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In nuclear physics, the term 'magic number' refers to specific numbers of protons or neutrons that lead to exceptional stability of the nucleus. These 'magic numbers' correspond to completely filled nuclear energy levels, resulting in increased stability rather than instability. Choice A, 'Increased nuclear instability,' is incorrect as magic numbers actually contribute to stability. Choice B, 'Enhanced radioactive decay rates,' is also incorrect as magic numbers do not affect decay rates but rather stability. Therefore, the correct answer is choice C, as magic numbers contribute to the exceptional stability of the nucleus.