Nokea
Bile production by the liver cells is increased by:
- A. Sympathetic activation
- B. Secretin
- C. CCK
- D. Bile salts
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: CCK. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone released by the small intestine in response to the presence of fatty acids and amino acids. It stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and increases bile production by the liver cells to aid in digestion. Sympathetic activation (choice A) typically inhibits digestive functions. Secretin (choice B) primarily stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion, not bile production. Bile salts (choice D) are products of bile, not direct stimulators of bile production. Therefore, CCK is the correct choice as it directly influences the production of bile by the liver cells.
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The liver contains special blood channels termed _____.
- A. sinusoids
- B. central vein
- C. hepatic cells
- D. portal veins
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: sinusoids. Sinusoids are specialized blood channels found in the liver that allow for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and toxins between hepatocytes and blood. They play a crucial role in the liver's functions of detoxification, metabolism, and storage. Central vein (B) is a vessel located in the center of liver lobules, not a blood channel. Hepatic cells (C) refer to the liver cells themselves, not blood channels. Portal veins (D) are vessels that bring blood from the digestive organs to the liver, but they are not the special blood channels within the liver.
Mucosa surface cell secretes mucous which provides a physical barrier between __ and __.
- A. Mucosa and Epithelium
- B. Lymph Vessel and lamina Propria
- C. Mucosa and Lumen
- D. Lumen and Epithelium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mucosa and Lumen. The mucosa surface cell secretes mucus that forms a physical barrier between the mucosa (inner lining of a cavity or organ) and the lumen (inner space of a tubular structure). This barrier protects the underlying tissues from harmful substances in the lumen.
Choice A (Mucosa and Epithelium) is incorrect because the mucosa is part of the epithelium layer, so it would not make sense for the physical barrier to be between them.
Choice B (Lymph Vessel and Lamina Propria) is incorrect because these structures are not directly related to the secretion of mucus for protection.
Choice D (Lumen and Epithelium) is incorrect because the physical barrier created by the mucus is specifically between the mucosa cells and the lumen, not the epithelium itself.
Amylase could be found in all of these areas except which one?
- A. mouth
- B. stomach
- C. duodenum
- D. pancreas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (stomach) because amylase is an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates, and it is primarily found in the mouth and the small intestine (duodenum and pancreas). In the mouth, salivary amylase begins the digestion of starches. In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase continues this process. The stomach, however, is not a site for amylase secretion but rather secretes pepsin for protein digestion. Therefore, amylase is not found in the stomach. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because amylase is indeed present in the mouth, duodenum, and pancreas, respectively.
Cholesterol is a major component of atherosclerotic plaque. Cholesterol carried by ______ is linked to coronary heart disease.
- A. micelle
- B. chylomicron
- C. low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
- D. high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: low-density lipoprotein (LDL). LDL is often referred to as "bad cholesterol" because it carries cholesterol from the liver to the cells, leading to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, which can result in coronary heart disease. Micelles are small lipid structures, not carriers of cholesterol. Chylomicrons are large lipoprotein particles that transport dietary fats, not primarily cholesterol. HDL is known as "good cholesterol" as it helps remove cholesterol from the bloodstream back to the liver for excretion, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis.
What is an accurate description of eosinophilic esophagitis?
- A. Adenocarcinoma or squamous cell tumors of the esophagus
- B. Dilated veins in the esophagus caused by portal hypertension
- C. Inflammation of the esophagus from irritants or gastric reflux
- D. Swelling of the esophagus caused by an allergic response to food or environmental triggers
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because eosinophilic esophagitis is characterized by swelling of the esophagus due to an allergic response to food or environmental triggers. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell typically involved in allergic reactions. Adenocarcinoma or squamous cell tumors (choice A) are types of esophageal cancer, not related to eosinophilic esophagitis. Dilated veins in the esophagus from portal hypertension (choice B) are seen in conditions such as cirrhosis, not eosinophilic esophagitis. Inflammation from irritants or gastric reflux (choice C) may cause esophagitis but not specifically eosinophilic esophagitis, which is immune-mediated.