Nokea
Blood cells are formed in the:
- A. Arterioles
- B. Lymphoid tissue
- C. Bone marrow
- D. Muscle tissue
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Blood cells are formed in the bone marrow, which is a soft tissue found in the center of most bones in the body. The process of blood cell formation is known as hematopoiesis. Bone marrow contains stem cells that can develop into different types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These blood cells play essential roles in carrying oxygen, fighting infections, and assisting in blood clotting. While the other choices listed (arterioles, lymphoid tissue, and muscle tissue) have important functions in the body, blood cell formation specifically occurs primarily in the bone marrow.
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For a client in addisonian crisis, it would be very risky for a nurse to administer:
- A. potassium chloride.
- B. hydrocortisone.
- C. normal saline solution
- D. fludrocortisone.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Addisonian crisis, also known as acute adrenal crisis, is a life-threatening condition that occurs when there is a severe deficiency in cortisol and aldosterone hormones, usually resulting from adrenal gland insufficiency. In this situation, it is crucial to administer hydrocortisone (a synthetic form of cortisol) promptly to replace the lacking hormone. Potassium levels in individuals experiencing an Addisonian crisis can be elevated due to the lack of aldosterone, which normally helps regulate electrolyte levels such as potassium. Therefore, administering potassium chloride in this scenario can lead to further complications and exacerbate the existing electrolyte imbalance. In contrast, normal saline solution can help with fluid and electrolyte balance, and fludrocortisone can be administered to replace the deficient aldosterone.
A one-month-old patient, who has developmental dysplasia of the hip, is placed in a hip spica cast. The patient's mother expresses the desire to continue breastfeeding. What is the pediatric nurse's best response?
- A. After breastfeeding, hold your baby upright for 45 minutes.
- B. Due to the weight of the cast, breastfeeding is not encouraged. I recommend that you bottle-feed.
- C. Breastfeeding can continue without significant changes; ensure proper positioning to accommodate the cast.
- D. none of the above.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Breastfeeding can continue even with a hip spica cast, but proper positioning is essential to ensure comfort for both the infant and the mother.
Which of the ff blood vessel is commonly affected by thrombophlebitis?
- A. Veins deep in the upper extremities
- B. Popliteal vein of the leg
- C. Veins deep in the lower extremities
- D. Veins connected to the heart
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Thrombophlebitis commonly affects the veins deep in the lower extremities, such as the femoral vein or the iliac vein. This condition involves the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in a vein, usually due to inflammation or injury to the vein wall. The lower extremities are more prone to thrombophlebitis because of factors like gravity, reduced blood flow in the veins of the legs, and prolonged sitting or immobility which can increase the risk of blood clot formation. Thrombophlebitis in the lower extremities can potentially lead to serious complications, such as pulmonary embolism if a clot breaks loose and travels to the lungs.
A 12-year-old male adolescent, recently diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma, shows left cervical and supraclavicular lymph node involvement and drenching night sweats. Based on Ann Arbor Classification, the patient is classified as
- A. stage IA
- B. stage IB
- C. stage IIA
- D. stage IIB
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Involvement of two lymph node regions above the diaphragm with systemic symptoms corresponds to stage IIB.
In embryonic period, all are true EXCEPT
- A. formation of ectoderm by 8 days
- B. formation of mesoderm by 10 weeks
- C. formation of endoderm by 3 cm crown-rump length
- D. formation of human embryo is about 6 weeks
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The formation of the human embryo is completed by 8 weeks, not 6 weeks.