Nokea
Caring is healing, it is communicated through the consciousness of the nurse to the individual being cared for. It allows access to higher human spirit.
- A. Benner
- B. Watson
- C. Leininger
- D. Swanson
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Jean Watson's Human Caring Theory, developed in the 1970s, defines caring as a healing force transmitted through the nurse's consciousness, connecting to the patient's spirit. She sees nursing as transcending physical acts, fostering openness to a higher human essence. Unlike Benner's skill progression, Leininger's cultural focus, or Swanson's process model, Watson's approach is deeply philosophical, emphasizing transpersonal caring moments like a nurse's empathy soothing a dying patient's fear. Her 10 Carative Factors (e.g., instilling hope) guide this spiritual exchange, influencing holistic nursing practices globally, particularly in palliative care, where emotional and existential support is paramount.
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When preparing to insert an NG tube for a client who requires gastric decompression, which of the following actions should the nurse take?
- A. Position the client with the head of the bed elevated to 30° prior to insertion
- B. Measure the tube from the client's nose to the earlobe to the xiphoid process
- C. Lubricate the entire length of the tube with water-soluble lubricant
- D. Instruct the client to cough during insertion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Measuring the tube from the client's nose to the earlobe to the xiphoid process ensures the tube is inserted to the correct depth. This measurement helps prevent complications such as tube misplacement or lung insertion. Positioning the client with the head of the bed elevated to 30° is important to facilitate easier insertion but is not the most crucial step. Lubricating the entire length of the tube with water-soluble lubricant is essential for smooth insertion but is not the most critical action. Instructing the client to cough during insertion is not necessary and may lead to unnecessary discomfort.
Mr. Gary is a 67 year old client who is experiencing chronic pain. Which of the following is the best way to assess his pain?
- A. Observe his behavior
- B. Ask him to describe his pain
- C. Perform physical assessment
- D. Use a standardized pain scale
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: For Mr. Gary's chronic pain at 67, a standardized pain scale (D) best assesses intensity, per pain management standards (e.g., numeric scale). Observation (A) misses subjectivity, description (B) lacks precision, physical assessment (C) is secondary. Scales quantify chronic pain reliably, especially in older adults, making D the optimal choice.
A client with hypertension is being educated by a healthcare professional about lifestyle changes. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?
- A. I should consume foods low in potassium.
- B. I should consume foods low in sodium.
- C. I should consume foods high in saturated fats.
- D. I should consume foods high in cholesterol.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'I should consume foods low in sodium.' This statement indicates an understanding of managing hypertension. Excessive sodium intake can lead to increased blood pressure, so reducing sodium consumption is crucial in hypertension management to prevent complications. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Consuming foods low in potassium is not typically recommended for hypertension management as potassium-rich foods like fruits and vegetables can be beneficial. Consuming foods high in saturated fats and cholesterol can be detrimental to cardiovascular health and should be limited in individuals with hypertension.
A client with cirrhosis is being taught about dietary management. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?
- A. I should increase my intake of sodium-rich foods.
- B. I should decrease my intake of sodium-rich foods.
- C. I should increase my intake of potassium-rich foods.
- D. I should decrease my intake of potassium-rich foods.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. In cirrhosis, decreasing the intake of sodium-rich foods is essential to manage fluid retention and symptoms. Excessive sodium intake can worsen fluid accumulation and lead to complications such as ascites. Therefore, advising the client to decrease sodium-rich foods demonstrates an understanding of the dietary management necessary for cirrhosis. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because increasing sodium-rich foods can exacerbate fluid retention and complications in cirrhosis, increasing potassium-rich foods is not the primary focus of dietary management in cirrhosis, and decreasing potassium-rich foods is not a key recommendation for managing cirrhosis-related dietary issues.
The nurse is preparing to administer regular insulin to a client with type 1 diabetes. Before administering the insulin, the nurse should:
- A. Rotate the vial between her hands
- B. Warm the insulin to body temperature
- C. Shake the vial vigorously
- D. Draw up the insulin with an 18-gauge needle
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rotating the vial between hands mixes regular insulin gently, ensuring even suspension without denaturing it warming, shaking, or large needles risk potency loss or tissue damage. Nurses use this technique, confirming clarity, for safe, effective glycemic control in type 1 diabetes.